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Thangha': Difference between revisions
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| Nasal || m || mʲ || mˤ || n || || nʷ || || ɳ || ɲ || ŋ || || ɲʷ || ŋʷ || || | | Nasal || m || mʲ || mˤ || n || || nʷ || || ɳ || ɲ || ŋ || || ɲʷ || ŋʷ || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Voiced Stop || b || bʲ || bˤ || d || dˤ || dʷ || || || ɟ || g || || ɟʷ || gʷ ~ gw ~ gb || || | | Voiced Stop || b || bʲ || bˤ || d || dˤ || dʷ || || || ɟ || g || || ɟʷ || gʷ ~ gw ~ gb || || | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| Lateral || || || || || || || || || ʎ || || ɫ || ʎʷ || || ɫʷ || | | Lateral || || || || || || || || || ʎ || || ɫ || ʎʷ || || ɫʷ || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Semivowel || || || || || || || || || j || || || ɥ || w || || | | Semivowel || || || || || || || || || j || || || ɥ || w || || | ||
|} | |} | ||
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Labialised labial consonants /mʷ/, /bʷ/, /pʷ/ (and sometimes /fʷ/~/ɸ/) occur as separate phonemese in a few dialects. But most dialects have merged these with the plain labials. | Labialised labial consonants /mʷ/, /bʷ/, /pʷ/ (and sometimes /fʷ/~/ɸ/) occur as separate phonemese in a few dialects. But most dialects have merged these with the plain labials. | ||
Except for flaps, all sonorant consonants have plain and glottalised forms e.g. [m] vs. [m̰], [w] vs. [w̰] etc. However, these can be analysed as sequences of glottal stop + sonorant e.g. /m/ vs. /ʔm/, /w/ vs. /ʔw/ etc. | |||
Except for the semivowels /j/, /ʔj/, /ɥ/, /ʔɥ/, /w/, /ʔw/, plain and glottalised sonorants are in free variation word initially. In emphatic pronunciation they are always pronounced glottalised, and otherwise they are not. This analysis treats them as being glottalised underlyingly. | Except for the semivowels /j/, /ʔj/, /ɥ/, /ʔɥ/, /w/, /ʔw/, plain and glottalised sonorants are in free variation word initially. In emphatic pronunciation they are always pronounced glottalised, and otherwise they are not. This analysis treats them as being glottalised underlyingly. | ||
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===Phonotactics=== | ===Phonotactics=== | ||
Only CCV syllables are permitted | Only CCV syllables are permitted. Furthermore, the range of permissible clusters is extremely restricted, being limited to /ʔ/ + Sonorant (other than flaps), /pf/, /bf/ (heard as [bv], /pɕ/, /bʑ/, /tf/, /df/ (heard as [dv]), /kf/ and /kɕ/. | ||
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Phoneme !! /a/ !! /iː/ !! /uː/ !! /e/ !! /o/ !! /aⁿ/ !! /əⁿ | ! Phoneme !! /a/ !! /iː/ !! /uː/ !! /e/ !! /o/ !! /aⁿ/ !! /əⁿ/ !! /ə/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Default || [a] || [iː] || [uː] || [e] || [o] || [aⁿ] || [əⁿ] | | Default || [a] || [iː] || [uː] || [e] || [o] || [aⁿ] || [əⁿ] || [ə] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Adjacent to a Palatal or Palatalised Consonant || [æ] || [iː] || [ʉː] || [i] || [ɵ] || [ɛⁿ] || [eⁿ] | | Adjacent to a Palatal or Palatalised Consonant || [æ] || [iː] || [ʉː] || [i] || [ɵ] || [ɛⁿ] || [eⁿ] || [ɪ] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Adjacent to a Lowering Consonant (Non-Labialised) || [ɑ] || [eː] || [oː] || [ɛ] || [ɔ] || [ɑⁿ] || [ʌⁿ | | Adjacent to a Lowering Consonant (Non-Labialised) || [ɑ] || [eː] || [oː] || [ɛ] || [ɔ] || [ɑⁿ] || [ʌⁿ] || [ʌ] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Adjacent to a Labialised Consonant (Non-Lowering) || [a] || [yː] || [uː] || [ø] || [u] || [aⁿ] || [oⁿ | | Adjacent to a Labialised Consonant (Non-Lowering) || [a] || [yː] || [uː] || [ø] || [u] || [aⁿ] || [oⁿ] || [ʊ] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Adjacent to a Labialised Uvular Consonant || [ɒ] || [øː] || [oː] || [œ] || [ɔ] || [ɒⁿ] || [ɔⁿ | | Adjacent to a Labialised Uvular Consonant || [ɒ] || [øː] || [oː] || [œ] || [ɔ] || [ɒⁿ] || [ɔⁿ] || [ɔ] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Between a Lowering Consonant and a Labialised Consonant || [ɒ] || [øː] || [oː] || [œ] || [ɔ] || [ɒⁿ] || [ɔⁿ | | Between a Lowering Consonant and a Labialised Consonant || [ɒ] || [øː] || [oː] || [œ] || [ɔ] || [ɒⁿ] || [ɔⁿ] || [ɔ] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Between a Palatal / Palatalised Consonant, and a Labialised Consonant (Non-Lowering) || [ɞ] || [yː] || [ʉː] || [y] || [ʉ] || [œⁿ] || [øⁿ | | Between a Palatal / Palatalised Consonant, and a Labialised Consonant (Non-Lowering) || [ɞ] || [yː] || [ʉː] || [y] || [ʉ] || [œⁿ] || [øⁿ] || [ʏ] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Between a Palatal / Palatalised Consonant, and a Labialised Uvular Consonant|| [ɐ] || [øː] || [oː] || [ø] || [o] || [ɐⁿ]|| [əⁿ | | Between a Palatal / Palatalised Consonant, and a Labialised Uvular Consonant|| [ɐ] || [øː] || [oː] || [ø] || [o] || [ɐⁿ]|| [əⁿ] || [ɵ] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Between a Palatal / Palatalised Consonant, and a Lowering Consonant (Non-Labialised) || [ɐ] || [eː] || [oː] || [e] || [o] || [ɐⁿ] || [əⁿ | | Between a Palatal / Palatalised Consonant, and a Lowering Consonant (Non-Labialised) || [ɐ] || [eː] || [oː] || [e] || [o] || [ɐⁿ] || [əⁿ] || [ɘ] | ||
|} | |} | ||
==Nouns== | ==Nouns== | ||