Chlouvānem/Morphology: Difference between revisions

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Modified evidentiality marking

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 ===Secondary moods: evidentiality===
-The five secondary moods expressing evidentiality are all formed by taking a particular mood's stem, adding '''-(m)į''' to it and then another ending which conjugates like an indicative mood verb. The main exception is the 3sg/pl interior perfect, which does not take the normal -a ending.<br/>
+The four secondary moods expressing evidentiality are formed in two different ways. One of them has a special set of endings, while the other three add a morpheme to the verb. They are only used in the indicative, desiderative, necessitative, permissive, and potential moods, plus in first person imperatives.
-The five evidential secondary moods are:
-* Certainty evidential: '''-(m)į''' + '''nėn(u)-''' ; e.g. ''pūnake'' "to work": indicative present ''pūnįnėnu'', ''pūnįnėni'', ''pūnįnėnė''... aorist ''pūnįnėnau'', ''pūnįnėnei'', ''pūnįnėnitь''… perfect ''upūnįnėnam'', ''upūnįnėnes'', ''upūnįnėn''… desiderative present ''pupūṃsįnėnu''…
+The ''visual evidential'' is made by adding '''-mī''' at the end of the verb, e.g. ''yąlėmī'' "it is [being] eaten (I see it)", ''yąlėçamī'' "(s)he eats (I see it)". The ending is actually a worn down version of ''mešė'', meaning "it is seen".
-* Deductive evidential: '''-(m)į''' + '''niv(a)-''' ; e.g. ''pūnake'' > ''pūnįnivu'' / ''pūnįnivau'' / ''upūnįnivam'' / ''pupūṃsįnivu'';
-* Dream situation evidential: '''-(m)į''' + '''bu(v)-''' ; e.g. ''pūnake'' > ''pūnįbuvu'' / ''pūnįbuvau'' / ''upūnįbum'' / ''pupūṃsįbuvu'';
+The ''first inferential'', which refers to any non-visual inference that is probably true (often translatable with "apparently", "looks like"), is formed by special endings, which replace the normal ones (example with ''pūnake'' "to work"):
-* Invented situation evidential: '''-(m)į''' + '''kra(n)-''' ; e.g. ''pūnake'' > ''pūnįkranu'' / ''pūnįkranau'' / ''upūnįkram'' / ''pupūṃsįkranu'';
+{| class="wikitable"
-* Inferential evidential: '''-(m)į''' + '''ræn(e)-''' ; e.g. ''pūnake'' > ''pūnįrænu'' / ''pūnįrænau'' / ''upūnįrænem'' / ''pupūnįrænu''.
+|-
+!  !! Present !! Aorist !! Perfect !! Future
+|-
+| 1SG || pūn'''itasu''' || pūn'''itto''' || upūn'''itenim''' || pūn'''išenim'''
+|-
+| 2SG || pūna'''se''' || pūn'''itte''' || upūn'''itenis''' || pūn'''išenis'''
+|-
+| 3SG || pūna'''te''' || pūn'''itti''' || upūn'''itena''' || pūn'''išena'''
+|-
+| 1DU || pūna'''dāsu''' || pūna'''daitu''' || upūn'''itanda''' || pūn'''iṣṭāsu'''
+|-
+| 2DU || pūna'''dāse''' || pūna'''daiti''' || upūn'''itandes''' || pūn'''iṣṭāse'''
+|-
+| 3DU || pūna'''dātte''' || pūna'''daite''' || upūn'''itanit''' || pūn'''iṣṭātte'''
+|-
+| 1PL || pūn'''itami''' || pūn'''ichlīm''' || upūn'''itemna''' || pūn'''iṣyāmna'''
+|-
+| 2PL || pūn'''itai''' || pūn'''ichlīs''' || upūn'''iteṃša''' || pūn'''iṣyāṃša'''
+|-
+| 3PL || pūn'''itet''' || pūn'''itāl''' || upūn'''itena''' || pūn'''iṣyāna'''
+|}
+Interior forms add these endings after ''-ir-'' (e.g. ''dældirte'' "(s)he apparently speaks"); causative forms add them after ''-axh-'' for interior verbs and ''-iraxh-'' for exterior ones, e.g. ''maišaxhite'' "(s)he apparently shows", ''maiširaxhite'' "(s)he apparently learns".
+The ''second inferential'' has a similar function to the first inferential, but the situation is unlikely to be true (translatable e.g. with "might/apparently... but probably don't/doesn't"); it is formed by adding '''-mū''' after the first inferential endings, e.g. ''pūnatemū'' "(s)he might be working, but probably isn't". This is a worn down version of ''mbu gu'' (or not).
+The ''reported'' evidential marks something the speaker does not know first hand; it is formed by adding '''-kye''' after the normal endings, e.g. ''pūnėkye'' "[I was told/I heard] (s)he works". The ending is a worn down version of ''kulė'' (it is said).
 === The consequential secondary moods===