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Af Mexee: Difference between revisions
→Focus Particles
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::*''wâa'' + ''isho'' → ''wéesho'' | ::*''wâa'' + ''isho'' → ''wéesho'' | ||
:*''wâa'' can also be used with nouns (in the present) with a zero copula. In this case, it can go before or after the noun. | :*''wâa'' can also be used with nouns (in the present) with a zero copula. In this case, it can go before or after the noun. | ||
::e.g. ''<b> | ::e.g. ''<b>waá</b> nín'' OR ''nín <b>wáa</b>''(he) is a man". | ||
:::''<b>wáa</b> cadaan'' OR ''cadaan <b>wáa</b>'' "(he/she/it/they) is/are white" (literally "whiteness"). | :::''<b>wáa</b> cadaan'' OR ''cadaan <b>wáa</b>'' "(he/she/it/they) is/are white" (literally "whiteness"). | ||
:*As an extension of the above isage, it can be used with a subordinate clause (introduced by ''ín'' "that") to indicate obligation. In tenses other than the present indicative, the copula (in the feminine) is used. | :*As an extension of the above isage, it can be used with a subordinate clause (introduced by ''ín'' "that") to indicate obligation. In tenses other than the present indicative, the copula (in the feminine) is used. | ||
::e.g. ''<b> | ::e.g. ''<b>waá</b> ín us taghó'' "he should/has to go" (literally: "it (is) that he go). | ||
:::''ín us taghó <b>ahaayti</b>'' "he should have gone" (literally: "it was that he go"). | :::''ín us taghó <b>ahaayti</b>'' "he should have gone" (literally: "it was that he go"). | ||
*''wixi'' is used before a main verb when the object follows the verb, allowing for a SVO word order. It literally means ''the thing''. It places emphasis on the object. | *''wixi'' is used before a main verb when the object follows the verb, allowing for a SVO word order. It literally means ''the thing''. It places emphasis on the object. | ||
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:*''yaá'' can combine to clitic subjects in the same way as ''wâa''. | :*''yaá'' can combine to clitic subjects in the same way as ''wâa''. | ||
*''âa'' puts emphasis on a noun (more so than ''yaá''). It also follows the noun but puts the following verb into the subjunctive. The noun also remains in the absolutive case even if it is the subject. ''âa'' can again combine to clitic subjects like ''wâa''. | *''âa'' puts emphasis on a noun (more so than ''yaá''). It also follows the noun but puts the following verb into the subjunctive. The noun also remains in the absolutive case even if it is the subject. ''âa'' can again combine to clitic subjects like ''wâa''. | ||
:e.g. ''nínki <b> | :e.g. ''nínki <b>aá</b> qálinki qaathí''/''qálinki nínki <b>aá</b> qaathí'' "it was ''the man'' who took the pen" | ||
:*The interrogative equivalent of ''âa'' is ''mâ'' - ''âa''. | :*The interrogative equivalent of ''âa'' is ''mâ'' - ''âa''. | ||
::e.g. ''<b>ma</b> nínki <b> | ::e.g. ''<b>ma</b> nínki <b>aá</b> qálinki qaathí?'' "was it ''the man'' who took the pen?" | ||
*''wixi'' can be combined with ''âa'' to form ''waxâa'', which is used when the subject follows the verb (allowing for OVS word order). It places emphasis on the subject. | *''wixi'' can be combined with ''âa'' to form ''waxâa'', which is used when the subject follows the verb (allowing for OVS word order). It places emphasis on the subject. | ||
:e.g. ''qálinki <b> | :e.g. ''qálinki <b>waxaá</b> qaathí nínki'' "it was ''the man'' took the pen" (literally: "what took the pen (was) the man") | ||
:*The interrogative equivalent of ''waxâa'' is ''maxâa''. | :*The interrogative equivalent of ''waxâa'' is ''maxâa''. | ||
::e.g. ''qálinki <b> | ::e.g. ''qálinki <b>maxaá</b> qaathí nínki?'' "was it ''the man'' who took the pen?" | ||
*To make a sentence without a focus particle interrogative, the particle ''mâ'' (not to be confused with the homonymous negative particle) is placed before the verb in the indicative. ''mâ'' can combine to clitic subjects as the homonymous negative particle does (but without the ''-an''). | *To make a sentence without a focus particle interrogative, the particle ''mâ'' (not to be confused with the homonymous negative particle) is placed before the verb in the indicative. ''mâ'' can combine to clitic subjects as the homonymous negative particle does (but without the ''-an''). | ||
:e.g. ''ninki <b>má</b> taghi?'' "did the man go?" | :e.g. ''ninki <b>má</b> taghi?'' "did the man go?" | ||