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Hadda: Difference between revisions
→Verbs
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'''All of this is subject to change <!-- (and of this sentence) -->''' | '''All of this is subject to change <!-- (and of this sentence) -->''' | ||
(Example verbs are '' | (Example verbs are ''gaaⱳa'' "to throw", ''maara'' 'to lead", and ''ħaɗɗa'' "to be ħaɗɗa") | ||
The infinitive of native verbs is of the form ''XCaaCa'' or ''XCaCCa'', where X can be anything. Only the final portion (after X) changes. Therefore, "initial" consonant below refers to the initial consonant in the penultimate syllable. | The infinitive of native verbs is of the form ''XCaaCa'' or ''XCaCCa'', where X can be anything. Only the final portion (after X) changes. Therefore, "initial" consonant below refers to the initial consonant in the penultimate syllable. | ||
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Tense + aspect: affects stem | Tense + aspect: affects stem | ||
*Future: | *Future: | ||
**Initial velar: labialized - e.g. '' | **Initial velar: labialized - e.g. ''gwaaⱳa'' "will throw" | ||
**Other: stem vowel becomes ''o'' - e.g. ''moora'' "will lead", ''ħoɗɗa'' "will be/become hadda" | **Other: stem vowel becomes ''o'' - e.g. ''moora'' "will lead", ''ħoɗɗa'' "will be/become hadda" | ||
*Present progressive: Identical to infinitive - e.g. '' | *Present progressive: Identical to infinitive - e.g. ''gaaⱳa'' "is throwing", ''maara'' "is leading", ''ħaɗɗa'' "is hadda" | ||
*Present habitual: | *Present habitual: | ||
**''CaaCa'' verbs become ''CaCCa'' - e.g. ''gaɓɓa'' "throws", ''malla'' "leads" | **''CaaCa'' verbs become ''CaCCa'' - e.g. ''gaɓɓa'' "throws", ''malla'' "leads" | ||
**''CaCCa'' verbs become ''CaCaCCa'' - e.g. ''ħaɍaɗɗa'' "regularly becomes hadda" | **''CaCCa'' verbs become ''CaCaCCa'' - e.g. ''ħaɍaɗɗa'' "regularly becomes hadda" | ||
*Simple past: | *Simple past: | ||
**Initial velar: labialized + stem vowel becomes ''i'' - e.g. '' | **Initial velar: labialized + stem vowel becomes ''i'' - e.g. ''gwiiⱳa'' "threw" | ||
**Other: stem vowel becomes ''u'' - e.g. ''muura'' "lead (past)", ''ħuɗɗa'' "became hadda" | **Other: stem vowel becomes ''u'' - e.g. ''muura'' "lead (past)", ''ħuɗɗa'' "became hadda" | ||
*Past progressive: stem vowel becomes ''i'' (palatalizing initial velars) - e.g. '' | *Past progressive: stem vowel becomes ''i'' (palatalizing initial velars) - e.g. ''jiiⱳa'' "was throwing", ''miira'' "was leading", ''ħiɗɗa'' "was hadda" | ||
*Past habitual: like present habitual, but with stem vowel changing to ''i'' - e.g. ''jiɓɓa'' "used to throw", ''milla'' "used to lead", ''ħiɍiɗɗa'' "used to become hadda" | *Past habitual: like present habitual, but with stem vowel changing to ''i'' - e.g. ''jiɓɓa'' "used to throw", ''milla'' "used to lead", ''ħiɍiɗɗa'' "used to become hadda" | ||
*Theoretically, a future habitual could be formed by combining the future with the present habitual - e.g. ''gwaɓɓa'' "will throw regularly", ''molla'' "will lead regularly", ''ħoɍoɗɗa'' "will regularly become hadda". Normally, this would be formed with a ''gaara'' construction - e.g. ''gaɓɓa gwaara'' "will throw regularly" (literally: will say throwing regularly) | *Theoretically, a future habitual could be formed by combining the future with the present habitual - e.g. ''gwaɓɓa'' "will throw regularly", ''molla'' "will lead regularly", ''ħoɍoɗɗa'' "will regularly become hadda". Normally, this would be formed with a ''gaara'' construction - e.g. ''gaɓɓa gwaara'' "will throw regularly" (literally: will say throwing regularly) | ||
*The auxiliary verb ''gaara'' "to say" is ubiquitous in Hadda verbal morphology. Its functions include: | *The auxiliary verb ''gaara'' "to say" is ubiquitous in Hadda verbal morphology. Its functions include: | ||
**Forming compound tenses, which can either form new tenses or disambiguate existing forms - e.g. '' | **Forming compound tenses, which can either form new tenses or disambiguate existing forms - e.g. ''gaaⱳa gwaara'' "will be throwing", ''gaaⱳa jiira'' "was throwing" (equivalent to ''jiiⱳa''; might be used if another verb has the same past form), ''gwaaⱳa jiira'' "was going to throw" | ||
**Deriving verbs from nouns, interjections, loanwords, etc - e.g. ''ħiʔ gaara'' "to hiccup" (literally: to say ħiʔ), ''telefoona gaara'' "to telephone" (literally: to say telephone). | **Deriving verbs from nouns, interjections, loanwords, etc - e.g. ''ħiʔ gaara'' "to hiccup" (literally: to say ''ħiʔ''), ''telefoona gaara'' "to telephone" (literally: to say telephone). | ||
<!-- Originally, there were two tenses (past and non-past), each with three aspects (perfective, progressive/stative, and habitual). The future tense comes from the present perfective. --> | <!-- Originally, there were two tenses (past and non-past), each with three aspects (perfective, progressive/stative, and habitual). The future tense comes from the present perfective. --> | ||
Secondary verbs can be derived from primary or other secondary verbs. For example: | Secondary verbs can be derived from primary or other secondary verbs. For example: | ||
*Intensive: Formed by reduplicating ''Ca-'' or ''CaCa-'' - e.g. '' | *Intensive: Formed by reduplicating ''Ca-'' or ''CaCa-'' - e.g. ''gaǥaaⱳa'', ''gaⱳaǥaaⱳa'' "is throwing repeatedly/intensely" | ||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||