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==Grammar==
==Grammar==
===Roots===
Like the [[w:Semitic languages|Semitic]] languages of the Middle East, Old Zoki made use of a wealth of consonantal roots out of which various verbs and nouns could be formed. They could contain either two or three consonants. A sampling of some common consonantal roots is given below:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|-
! colspan="3"|Root
! Cognate (Rttirri)
! Meaning
|-
| ''k''
| ''b''
| —
| /kɑpɑ/
| to stop
|-
| ''sh''
| ''j''
| —
| /t͡ʃi/
| to eat
|-
| ''m''
| ''n''
| —
| /munu/
| to drink
|-
| ''ṭ''
| ''kh''
| —
| /fiu/
| to work
|-
| ''s''
| ''g''
| —
| /tøki/
| to lend
|-
| ''t''
| ''b''
| —
| /ʂipi/
| to tell, inform
|-
| ''k''
| ''l''
| —
| /kiɽi/
| to learn, study
|-
| ''p''
| ''k''
| —
| /hiki/
| to grow
|-
| ''z''
| ''g''
| —
| /ʃɑku/ (to trim)
| to edit, correct
|-
| ''k''
| ''ḍ''
| —
| /kɑʔu/ (to squeeze)
| to have, own
|-
| ''b''
| ''zh''
| —
| /piçi/ (electricity)
| to spark, flash, glow
|-
| ''n''
| ''kh''
| —
| /nuwu/ (water)
| to douse, splash
|-
| ''d''
| ''k''
| —
| /ʈukɑ/ (pouch)
| to trap, enclose
|-
| ''kh''
| ''f''
| ''g''
| /wøi/
| to become
|-
| ''g''
| ''j''
| ''n''
| /jɑnɑ/
| to cook
|-
| ''ḍ''
| ''j''
| ''m''
| /cɑmɑ/ (to sew)
| to connect, join
|-
| ''ṭ''
| ''j''
| ''ṇ''
| /çnini/ (problem)
| to bother
|-
| ''g''
| ''j''
| ''m''
| /jɑmɑi/ (fire)
| to burn
|-
| ''b''
| ''v''
| ''l''
| /pøɽɑu/ (bread)
| to expand, puff up
|-
| ''ṭ''
| ''k''
| ''l''
| /tʼuɽɑ/ (boss)
| to supervise, spy on, follow
|-
| ''m''
| ''p''
| ''j''
| /mɑhɑi/ (to name)
| to identify, choose
|}
===Verbs===
===Verbs===
====Verb forms====
====Verb forms====
Old Zoki had several verb forms, each giving a different nuance to the concept expressed in the biliteral or triliteral root. These forms are summarized below.
Old Zoki had several verb forms, each giving a different nuance to the concept expressed in the biliteral or triliteral root. These forms are summarized below.


Form I was used generally for loaned verbal concepts, mostly relating to skilled acts practiced by other local cultures and taught to the Zoki people. It is sometimes not considered a true verbal form, as it consisted of the single verb ''shikh'' ("to practice", cognate to [[Rttirri]] ''chiu'' "to do") followed by an auxiliary verb—the gerund is ''nufukh'' ("process", a truncation of ''rinufukh'', cognate to Rttirri ''rrirneu''). This auxiliary verb, unlike the verbal concepts of the other four verb forms, did not need to take any particular vowel pattern.
Form I was used generally for loaned verbal concepts, mostly relating to skilled acts practiced by other local cultures and taught to the Zoki people. It is sometimes not considered a true verbal form, as it consisted of the single verb ''shikh'' ("to practice", cognate to [[Rttirri]] /t͡ʃiu/ "to do") followed by an auxiliary verb—the gerund is ''nufukh'' ("process", a truncation of ''rinufukh'', cognate to Rttirri /ɻiɳøu/). This auxiliary verb, unlike the verbal concepts of the other four verb forms, did not need to take any particular vowel pattern.


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
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!Meaning
!Meaning
!Biliteral roots, e.g. ''k-b'' (to stop)
!Biliteral roots, e.g. ''k-b'' (to stop)
!Triliteral roots, e.g. ''t-j-ṇ'' (to bother)
!Triliteral roots, e.g. ''ṭ-j-ṇ'' (to bother)
|-
|-
! I
! I
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| ''shikh ___''
| ''shikh ___''
| ''nufukh ___''
| ''nufukh ___''
| to do something
| to do something skillful or foreign
| ''shikh pag'' – he imitates<br>(from [[w:Classical Chinese|Classical Chinese]] /*pʰaŋʔ/ [[wiktionary:仿|仿]])
| ''shikh pag'' – he imitates<br>(from [[w:Classical Chinese|Classical Chinese]] /*pʰaŋʔ/ [[wiktionary:仿|仿]])
| ''shikh sanās'' – he spins silk<br>(from [[w:Classical Chinese|Classical Chinese]] /*snas/ [[wiktionary:絮|絮]])
| ''shikh sanās'' – he spins silk<br>(from [[w:Classical Chinese|Classical Chinese]] /*snas/ [[wiktionary:絮|絮]])
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| to undergo a process emphatically or suddenly
| to undergo a process emphatically or suddenly
| ''kēb'' – he stops suddenly
| ''kēb'' – he stops suddenly
| ''tējeṇ'' – he goes crazy
| ''ṭējeṇ'' – he goes crazy
|-
|-
! III
! III
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| to undergo a process weakly or gradually
| to undergo a process weakly or gradually
| ''kāb'' – he slows to a halt
| ''kāb'' – he slows to a halt
| ''tājaṇ'' – he hesitates
| ''ṭājaṇ'' – he hesitates
|-
|-
! IV
! IV
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| to act on someone/something emphatically or suddenly  
| to act on someone/something emphatically or suddenly  
| ''kibē'' – he causes to stop suddenly
| ''kibē'' – he causes to stop suddenly
| ''tijēṇe'' – he completely disrupts
| ''ṭijēṇe'' – he completely disrupts
|-
|-
! V
! V
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| to act on someone/something weakly or gradually  
| to act on someone/something weakly or gradually  
| ''kibā'' – he drags to a halt
| ''kibā'' – he drags to a halt
| ''tijāṇa'' – he annoys
| ''ṭijāṇa'' – he annoys
|}
|}


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| ''*af-''
| ''*af-''
| ''*sam-''
| ''*sam-''
| ''*kha-''
| —
| ''*khem-''
| ''*khem-''
|-
|-
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| ''*e-''
| ''*e-''
|}
|}
===Syntax===
Standard word order was subject-object-verb (SOV).
:<nowiki>*</nowiki>Muse-m asi-m bom-shōj.
:cat-PL mouse-PL 3PL.PST-eat.Form_II
:The cats ate the mice.
Adjectives followed nouns.
:<nowiki>*</nowiki>Binu tavdav
:light bright
:the bright light
However, verb-subject-object (VSO) order was used for some purposes, most commonly conditionals and subjunctives.
:<nowiki>*</nowiki>Na-kāl nak gijấnâ, biza shagya na-kēḍ mis Tấmo.
:1SG.PRES 1SG.NOM cook.Form_V.GER, husband beautiful 1SG.PRES-have.Form_II like Tấmo
:If I learned how to cook, I would get a handsome husband like Tấmo (has).
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