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Kämpya: Difference between revisions
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/dô̰k ˈlḭ̀zád=gó θú=ˈbíʔ áˈwâḭ/ | /dô̰k ˈlḭ̀zád=gó θú=ˈbíʔ áˈwâḭ/ | ||
dog lizard=DAT ANTIP=bite | dog lizard=DAT ANTIP=bite flee | ||
The dog bit the lizard and (the dog) ran away. | The dog bit the lizard and (the dog) ran away. | ||
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And another example using a postposition: | And another example using a postposition: | ||
/múˈhḛ̂=ɾù ˈnòʔ= | /múˈhḛ̂=ɾù ˈnòʔ=ɾá péiʔk kʰḭ̂d ˈdô̰k=zù ˈbíʔ ˈlḭ̂zàd/ | ||
mother=ERG SBRD.ACC.EMP=SEC speak child dog=ERG bite lizard | mother=ERG SBRD.ACC.EMP=SEC speak child dog=ERG bite lizard | ||
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And as before, the absolutive argument of the superordinate clause can be the topic of the subordinate clause e.g. | And as before, the absolutive argument of the superordinate clause can be the topic of the subordinate clause e.g. | ||
/múˈhḛ̂=ɾù ˈnòʔ= | /múˈhḛ̂=ɾù ˈnòʔ=ɾá péiʔk kʰḭ̂d wá=bàṵn=tá gá=gḭ̂p dô̰k/ | ||
mother=ERG SBRD.ACC.EMP=SEC speak child INDEF=bone=SEC NEC=give dog | mother=ERG SBRD.ACC.EMP=SEC speak child INDEF=bone=SEC NEC=give dog | ||
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/múˈhḛ̂ ˈnòʔ= | /múˈhḛ̂ ˈnòʔ=ɾá ˈkʰḭ̀d=gó θú=péiʔk wá=bàṵn=tá gá=gḭ̂p dô̰k/ | ||
mother SBRD.ACC.EMP=SEC child=DAT ANTIP=speak INDEF=bone=SEC NEC=give dog | mother SBRD.ACC.EMP=SEC child=DAT ANTIP=speak INDEF=bone=SEC NEC=give dog | ||
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/múˈhḛ̂ ˈnòʔ= | /múˈhḛ̂ ˈnòʔ=ɾá ˈkʰḭ̀d=gó θú=péiʔk tí=bàṵn=tá gḭ̂p dô̰k/ | ||
mother SBRD.ACC.EMP=SEC child=DAT ANTIP=speak INDEF=bone=SEC give dog | mother SBRD.ACC.EMP=SEC child=DAT ANTIP=speak INDEF=bone=SEC give dog | ||
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/múˈhḛ̂ ˈnòʔ= | /múˈhḛ̂ ˈnòʔ=ɾá ˈkʰḭ̀d=gó θú=péiʔk tí=bàṵn=tá sʰái=gḭ̂p dô̰k/ | ||
mother SBRD.ACC.EMP=SEC child=DAT ANTIP=speak INDEF=bone=SEC REP=give dog | mother SBRD.ACC.EMP=SEC child=DAT ANTIP=speak INDEF=bone=SEC REP=give dog | ||
The mother told the child that she (the mother) | The mother told the child that she (the mother) gave the dog a bone (the speaker didn't see the act of giving, but heard about it). | ||
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So if the above 2 sentences take ðjíʔ, then they become: | So if the above 2 sentences take ðjíʔ, then they become: | ||
/múˈhḛ̂=ɾù ˈnòʔ=ɾá péiʔk ˈkʰḭ̂d ðjíʔ | /múˈhḛ̂=ɾù ˈnòʔ=ɾá péiʔk ˈkʰḭ̂d ðjíʔ tí=bàṵn=tá gḭ̂p dô̰k/ | ||
mother=ERG SBRD.ACC.EMP=SEC speak child 3PS.OBV.ERG INDEF=bone=SEC give dog | mother=ERG SBRD.ACC.EMP=SEC speak child 3PS.OBV.ERG INDEF=bone=SEC give dog | ||
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/múˈhḛ̂ ˈnòʔ=ɾá ˈkʰḭ̀d=gó θú=ˈpéiʔkðjíʔ | /múˈhḛ̂ ˈnòʔ=ɾá ˈkʰḭ̀d=gó θú=ˈpéiʔkðjíʔ tí=bàṵn=tá gḭ̂p dô̰k/ | ||
mother SBRD.ACC.EMP=SEC child=DAT ANTIP=speak 3PS.OBV.ERG INDEF=bone=SEC give dog | mother SBRD.ACC.EMP=SEC child=DAT ANTIP=speak 3PS.OBV.ERG INDEF=bone=SEC give dog | ||
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===Evidentials and Reported Speech=== | ===Evidentials and Reported Speech=== | ||
====Indirect Reported Speech==== | |||
In this case, when reporting what someone else has said, both clauses need to marked for evidentiality, both from the point of view of the speaker e.g. | |||
/ˈkʰḭ̂d ˈnòʔ=ɾá mí=ˈpéiʔk ˈḛ̂nèm déˈpʰáʔɾ/ | |||
The child told me the enemy departed (and I saw it happen too). | child SBRD.ACC.EMP=SEC 1PS.EXCL.ACC=speak enemy depart | ||
The child told me the enemy had departed (and I saw it happen too). | |||
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/ˈkʰḭ̂d ˈnòʔ= | /ˈkʰḭ̂d ˈnòʔ=ɾá mí=ˈpéiʔk ˈḛ̂nèm sái=déˈpʰáʔɾ/ | ||
child SBRD.ACC.EMP=SEC 1PS.EXCL.ACC=speak enemy REP=depart | |||
The child told me the enemy had departed (but I didn't see it, I just heard about it). | |||
====Direct Reported Speech==== | |||
In this case, there is no superordinate verb marking. The quoted speech is places at the end of the sentence, preceded by the particle /ðéʔ/ and followed by the particle /tḛ̂/ e.g. | |||
/ˈkʰḭ̂d mí=ˈpéiʔk ðéʔ ˈḛ̂nèm déˈpʰáʔɾ tḛ̂/ | |||
child 1PS.EXCL.ACC=speak QUOTE enemy depart QUOTE | |||
The child told me that the enemy had departed | |||
In the above sentence, the speaker is saying the the child had used the direct evidential when reporting the enemy's departure, meaning that the speaker is reporting that the child implied that they had witnessed it themselves. This sentence conveys no information about whether or not the speaker had also seen the departure. | |||
Compare: | |||
/ˈkʰḭ̂d mí=ˈpéiʔk ðéʔ ˈḛ̂nèm sái=déˈpʰáʔɾ tḛ̂/ | |||
child | child 1PS.EXCL.ACC=speak QUOTE enemy REP=depart QUOTE | ||
The child told me the enemy departed ( | The child told me that he had heard that the enemy had departed (and not witnessed it himself). | ||
==Comparative Constructions== | ==Comparative Constructions== | ||
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Dogs are faster than lizards (literally "Dogs are fast above lizards"). | Dogs are faster than lizards (literally "Dogs are fast above lizards"). | ||
[[Category:Languages]] | |||
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