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Wendlandish: Difference between revisions
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# '''-ajr verbs''', descendants of the Latin second conjugation, like ''viðajr ''"to see" (< vidēre) or ''sfajr ''"to be aware" (< sapēre); | # '''-ajr verbs''', descendants of the Latin second conjugation, like ''viðajr ''"to see" (< vidēre) or ''sfajr ''"to be aware" (< sapēre); | ||
# '''-ir verbs''', descendants of the Latin third and fourth conjugations - like ''hrajðir ''"to believe" (< crēdere), ''hnovskir ''"to know" (< gnōscere), or ''dirmir ''"to sleep" (< dormīre), ''inørnir ''"to intervene" (< intervenīre). Those which descend from the third conjugation are called the '''-øymur '''group as their first person plural present indicative ends like that (e.g. ''hriðøymur ''"we believe"), while those which descend from the fourth one are the '''-ymur '''group (e.g. ''dirmymur ''"we sleep"). | # '''-ir verbs''', descendants of the Latin third and fourth conjugations - like ''hrajðir ''"to believe" (< crēdere), ''hnovskir ''"to know" (< gnōscere), or ''dirmir ''"to sleep" (< dormīre), ''inørnir ''"to intervene" (< intervenīre). Those which descend from the third conjugation are called the '''-øymur '''group as their first person plural present indicative ends like that (e.g. ''hriðøymur ''"we believe"), while those which descend from the fourth one are the '''-ymur '''group (e.g. ''dirmymur ''"we sleep"). | ||
# '''-ær/-er verbs''', which do not descend from Latin but are instead made by a generalization of the pre-Wendlandish ''-er ''infinitive suffix added to other roots, like ''milær ''"to smile" (< Old Norse smíla). This is the only currently productive conjugation - e.g. ''forkastsær'' "to have lunch"; modern colloquial '' | # '''-ær/-er verbs''', which do not descend from Latin but are instead made by a generalization of the pre-Wendlandish ''-er ''infinitive suffix added to other roots, like ''milær ''"to smile" (< Old Norse smíla). This is the only currently productive conjugation - e.g. ''forkastsær'' "to have lunch"; modern colloquial ''davnloder ''"to download", ''sælfijer'' "to take a selfie", ''buhojer'' "to get drunk". | ||
==== Present indicative ==== | ==== Present indicative ==== | ||
{| class= | The present indicative usually has two principal stems: a "stressed" stem, used for the singular and third plural, and an "unstressed" one for first and second plural. The infinitive stem is usually the unstressed one, except for ''-ir'' verbs of the ''-øymur'' group. | ||
! | {| class=wikitable | ||
! | ! rowspan=2 | !! 1st (-æjr) !! 2nd (-ajr) !! 3rd (-ir (-øymur)) !! 3rd (-ir (-ymur)) !! 4th (-ær) !! 4th (-er) | ||
! | |||
! | |||
! | |||
! | |||
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! ømlæjr "to walk" !! viðajr "to see" !! hnovskir "to know" !! dirmir "to sleep" !! milær "to smile" !! davnloder "to download" | |||
|- | |- | ||
|''' | ! jag | ||
| | | øml || vajð'''e''' || hnovsk || dørm || milæ || davnlode | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|''' | ! tsu | ||
| | | øml'''ur''' || vajð'''ir''' || hnovsk'''ir''' || dørm'''ir''' || milæ'''r''' || davnlode'''r''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|''' | ! if / ifja / ifju | ||
| | | øml'''it''' || vajð'''it''' || hnovsk'''it''' || dørm'''it''' || milæ'''t''' || davnlode'''t''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|''' | ! novr | ||
| | | øml'''ømur''' || við'''øymur''' || hnusk'''øymur''' || dirm'''ymur''' || mil'''øymur''' || davnlod'''ymur''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|''' | ! vovr | ||
| | | øml'''ætir''' || við'''ætir''' || hnusk'''ætir''' || dirm'''itir''' || mil'''ætir''' || davnlod'''itir''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|(impersonal | ! ifi / ifjæ / ifja | ||
| | | øml'''ints''' || vajð'''ints''' || hnovsk'''unts''' || dørm'''unts''' || milæ'''nts''' || davnlode'''nts''' | ||
| | |- | ||
| | ! (impersonal) | ||
| | | øml'''itse''' || vajð'''itse''' || hnovsk'''itse''' || dørm'''itse''' || milæ'''tse''' || davnlode'''tse''' | ||
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|} | |} | ||
Most third conjugation ''-øymur'' verbs have umlaut in their conjugation, namely: | |||
* '''i-umlaut''' in the second and third person singular: | |||
:: ''pjatir'' (to ask): ''jag pjat'', ''tsu pjætir'', ''if pjætit'' | |||
:: ''hrajðir'' (to believe): ''jag hrajð'', ''tsu hræðir'', ''if hræðit'' | |||
* '''u-umlaut''' in the third person plural: | |||
:: ''pjatir'' (to ask): ''jag pjat'', ... ''ifi pjotunts'' | |||
:: ''hrajðir'' (to believe): ''jag hrajð'', ... ''ifi hrøyðunts'' | |||
Some ''-æjr'' verbs have ''æj'' in the first person singular and ''a'' in all other stressed-stem forms: | |||
:: ''mæjr'' (to love): ''jag æjm'', ''tsu amar'', ''if amat'', ''novr mømur'', ''vovr mætir'', ''if amints'', ''amatse'' | |||
:: ''kanæjr'' (to sing): ''jag kæjnt'', ''tsu kantar'', ''if kantat'', ''novr kanømur'', ''vovr kanætir'', ''if kantints'', ''kantatse''. | |||
====Present participle and continuous tenses==== | ====Present participle and continuous tenses==== | ||