Qino: Difference between revisions

III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.

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==Introduction==

<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? -->

| <big><big>ـّ</big></big> || <big><big>ـّ</big></big> || CC || Cː || Used for a geminate consonant.

|-

|}

===Prosody===

====Intonation====

Qino has a pitch accent system. The tone-bearing unit is the mora. There are two tones: high and low. These are only distinguished in stressed syllables. In this article, high tone is indicated with an acute accent, while low tone is indicated by its absence.

Tone is not indicated in the Arabic script except word-finally, which is where it is most important.

====Stress====

If a word contains a syllable with a high/rising/falling tone (indicated with an accute accent), that syllable is stressed. If there are multiple, primary stress falls on the final. If the word consists exclusively of low tones, stress falls on the final "long" syllable (i.e. syllable that is closed and/or contains a long vowel), or on the initial syllable if all are short.

===Phonotactics===

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**'''Nominative''': Used for the subject of a verb. Formed as follows:

***Masculine with absolutive ending in consonant, ''-a'', ''-o'', or ''-u'': ''-ú'' - e.g. ''nama'' "person" → ''namú''

***Feminine with absolutive ending in consonant or ''-a'': ''-í'' - e.g. ''nafa'' "soul" → ''nafí''

***Absolutive ending in ''-e'' or ''-i'': ''-í'' - e.g. ''shimmirti'' "bird (sing.)" → ''shimmirtí''

**'''Genitive''': Used for possession ("of") and the object of some adpositions.

*'''Secondary cases:'''

**'''Dative''': Used for recipient, benefactor, purpose, obligation ("to" or "for").

**'''Ablative''': Used for source ("from"), comparison ("than").

***Absolutive ending in consonant: ''-ák''

**'''Instrumental''': Used for instrument, means, agent, cause, time.

***Absolutive ending in vowel: ''-́s''

**'''Comitative''': Used for accompaniment ("in company with").

**'''Locative''': Used for location. For more specific location, postpositions are used.

*'''Pseudo-cases:'''

**'''Predicative''': Used for predicative nouns. This is not a true case but rather the absolutive fused to the copula. This fusing is optional and in the present indicative, the copula can be dropped entirely.

***Independent forms of the copula: ''dha'' (invariant; present only), ''e'' (adjective declension), ''dhe'' (= ''dha + e''; adjective declension)

:::e.g. ''Maxammadú nama / nama e / nama dha / nama dhe / name / namarha.'' "Muhammad is a person."

|-

! 1S  

|-

! 2SM  

|-

! 2SF  

|-

! 3SM  

|-

! 3SF  

|-

! 1Ex  

|-

! 1Inc  

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! 2P  

|-

! 3P  

|-

|}

|-

! 1S  

|-

! 2SM  

|-

! 2SF  

|-

! 3SM  

|-

! 3SF  

|-

! 1Ex  

|-

! 1Inc  

|-

! 2P  

|-

! 3P  

|-

! REF  

|-

! REC  

|-

|}

'''Notes''':

*When there is one accusative object pronoun, either the "accusative 1" or "accusative 2" forms can be used. When there are multiple clitic objects, the final one takes the "accusative 2" form and the rest the "accusative 1" form.

===Verbs===

====Class I====

=====Suffix Conjugation=====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|-

|+ Suffix conjugation

|-

|-

|-

!  !! colspan="2" | Present Affirmative<small>²</small> !! colspan="2" | Present Subordinate<small>²</small> !! colspan="2" | Pres. Subord. Neg. !! colspan="2" | Past Affirmative<small>²</small> !! colspan="2" | Past Negative !! colspan="2" | Jussive/Imperative Aff. !! colspan="2" | Jussive/Imperative Neg.

|-

! 1S  

|-

! 2S  

|-

! 3SM  

|-

! 3SF  

|-

! 1P  

|-

! 2P

|-

! 3P

|}

'''Notes:'''

<small>¹</small> Conjugates as an adjective.

=====Prefix Conjugation=====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|-

|+ Prefix conjugation

|-

|-

|-

!  !! colspan="2" | Present Affirmative !! colspan="2" | Present Subordinate !! colspan="2" | Pre. Subord. Neg. !! colspan="2" | Past Affirmative !! colspan="2" | Past Negative !! colspan="2" | Jussive/Imperative Aff. !! colspan="2" | Jussive/Imperative Neg.

|-

! 1S  

|-

! 2S  

|-

! 3SM  

|-

! 3SF  

|-

! 1P  

|-

! 2P

|-

! 3P

|}

====Class II: Adjectival Conjugation====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|-

|+ Adjectival conjugation

|-

!  !! colspan="2" | Present Affirmative !! colspan="2" | Present Subordinate !! colspan="2" | Past Affirmative !! colspan="2" | Past Negative

|-

! 1S  

|-

! 2S  

|-

! 3SM

|-

! 3SF

|-

! 1P  

|-

! 2P

|-

! 3P

|}

'''Note:''' The present subordinate negative form is identical to the present subordinate affirmative.

====Tense, Aspect, Mood====

'''Notes:'''  

=====Simple Present=====

*Used for an action in the present or future, or that started in the past but continue into the present (i.e. English past perfect continuous).

**Negative: ''ma'' + "Present subordinate" - e.g. ''ma yarkó'' "he does not see"

*Subordinate clause:

=====Simple Past=====

*Used for an action in the past.

**Negative: ''ma'' + "Past negative" - e.g. ''ma yarkíne'' "he did not see"

*Subordinate clause:

**Negative: ''ma'' + "Past negative" - e.g. ''ma yarkínenás '' "because he did not see"

=====Imperative=====

*Used for a command in the second person.

*Negative: ''hin'' + "Imperative negative" - e.g. ''hin arkínu'' "do not see!"

=====Jussive=====

*Used for a wish, command, etc in the first and third person.

*Negative: ''ma'' + "Jussive negative" - e.g. ''ma yarkínu'' "let him not see!"