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===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
Verbs have three paradigms: athematic stems, thematic a-stems and thematic i-stems. | |||
Most verbs have three principal parts: the present stem (remove the -n from the infinitive), the past stem and the past participle. The past subjunctive always uses the past participle stem. | Most verbs have three principal parts: the present stem (remove the -n from the infinitive), the past stem and the past participle. The past subjunctive always uses the past participle stem. | ||
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | ||
|+ '''''macan'' 'to make'''' | |+ '''''macan'' 'to make'''' | ||
! tense || ''jac'' || '' | ! tense || ''jac'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum'' || ''jā'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present indicative | ! present indicative | ||
| ''maca'' || '' | | ''maca'' || ''macas'' || ''macanź'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present subjunctive | ! present subjunctive | ||
| ''maca'' || ''macas | | ''maca'' || ''macas'' || ''macan'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past indicative | ! past indicative | ||
| ''macadie'' || | | ''macadie'' || ''macadied'' || ''macadien'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past subjunctive | ! past subjunctive | ||
| ''macadi'' || | | ''macadi'' || ''macadid'' || ''macadin'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! imperative | ! imperative | ||
| ''-'' || ''maca!'' | | ''-'' || ''maca!'' || ''-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan=" | !colspan="4"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present participle | ! present participle | ||
|colspan=" | |colspan="3"| ''macand'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past participle | ! past participle | ||
|colspan=" | |colspan="3"| ''macad'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | ||
|+ '''''rēcin'' 'to reach'''' | |+ '''''rēcin'' 'to reach'''' | ||
! tense || ''jac'' || '' | ! tense || ''jac'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum'' || ''jā'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present indicative | ! present indicative | ||
| ''rēci'' || '' | | ''rēci'' || ''rēcis'' || ''rēcinź'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present subjunctive | ! present subjunctive | ||
| ''rēci'' || ''rēcis | | ''rēci'' || ''rēcis'' || ''rēcin'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past indicative | ! past indicative | ||
| ''rēcidie'' || | | ''rēcidie'' || ''rēcidied'' || ''rēcidien'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past subjunctive | ! past subjunctive | ||
| ''rēcidi | | ''rēcidi'' || ''rēcidid'' || ''rēcidin'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! imperative | ! imperative | ||
| ''-'' || ''rēci!'' || | | ''-'' || ''rēci!'' || ''-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan=" | !colspan="4"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present participle | ! present participle | ||
|colspan=" | |colspan="3"| ''rēcind'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past participle | ! past participle | ||
|colspan=" | |colspan="3"| ''rēcid'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | ||
|+ '''''bīten'' 'to bite'''' | |+ '''''bīten'' 'to bite'''' | ||
! tense || ''jac'' || '' | ! tense || ''jac'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum'' || ''jā'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present indicative | ! present indicative | ||
| ''bīta'' || | | ''bīta'' || ''bītied'' || ''bītend́'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present subjunctive | ! present subjunctive | ||
| ''bīte'' || ''bīted'' || ''bīten'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! past indicative | ! past indicative | ||
| ''bēt'' || '' | | ''bēt'' || ''bēted'' || ''bētan'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past subjunctive | ! past subjunctive | ||
| ''biti | | ''biti'' || ''bitid'' || ''bitin'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! imperative | ! imperative | ||
| ''-'' || ''bīt!'' || | | ''-'' || ''bīt!'' || ''-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan=" | !colspan="4"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present participle | ! present participle | ||
|colspan=" | |colspan="3"| ''bītend'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past participle | ! past participle | ||
|colspan=" | |colspan="3"| ''biten'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Also: ''sgīnen, sgēn, sginen'' 'shine', ''drīfen, drēf, drifen'' 'drive', ''clīfen, clēf, clifen'' 'stick, cling', ''rīten, rēt, riten'' 'write' | Also: ''sgīnen, sgēn, sginen'' 'shine', ''drīfen, drēf, drifen'' 'drive', ''clīfen, clēf, clifen'' 'stick, cling', ''rīten, rēt, riten'' 'write' | ||
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | ||
|+ '''''ciausen'' 'to choose'''' | |+ '''''ciausen'' 'to choose'''' | ||
! tense || ''jac'' || '' | ! tense || ''jac'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum'' || ''jā'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present indicative | ! present indicative | ||
| ''ciausa'' || | | ''ciausa'' || ''ciausied'' || ''ciausend́'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present subjunctive | ! present subjunctive | ||
| ''ciause'' || ''ciaused'' || ''ciausen'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! past indicative | ! past indicative | ||
| ''caus'' || '' | | ''caus'' || ''caused'' || ''causan'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past subjunctive | ! past subjunctive | ||
| ''curi'' || | | ''curi'' || ''curid'' || ''curin'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! imperative | ! imperative | ||
| ''-'' || ''ciaus!'' || | | ''-'' || ''ciaus!'' || ''-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan=" | !colspan="4"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present participle | ! present participle | ||
|colspan=" | |colspan="3"| ''ciausend'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past participle | ! past participle | ||
|colspan=" | |colspan="3"| ''curen'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Also: ''biauden, baud, buden'' 'offer, bid', ''biaugen, baug, bugen'' 'bow', ''fliaugen, flaug, flugen'' 'fly', ''fliawen, flau, fluwen'' 'flee, escape', ''friausen, fraus, fruren'' 'freeze' | Also: ''biauden, baud, buden'' 'offer, bid', ''biaugen, baug, bugen'' 'bow', ''fliaugen, flaug, flugen'' 'fly', ''fliawen, flau, fluwen'' 'flee, escape', ''friausen, fraus, fruren'' 'freeze' | ||
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | ||
|+ '''''binden'' 'to tie, to bind'''' | |+ '''''binden'' 'to tie, to bind'''' | ||
! tense || ''jac'' || '' | ! tense || ''jac'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum'' || ''jā'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present indicative | ! present indicative | ||
| ''binda | | ''binda'' || ''bindied'' || ''bindend́'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present subjunctive | ! present subjunctive | ||
| ''binde'' || ''binded'' || ''binden'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! past indicative | ! past indicative | ||
| ''band'' || '' | | ''band'' || ''banded'' || ''banden'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past subjunctive | ! past subjunctive | ||
| ''bundi'' || | | ''bundi'' || ''bundid'' || ''bundin'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! imperative | ! imperative | ||
| ''-'' || ''bind | | ''-'' || ''bind!'' || ''-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="7"| | !colspan="7"| | ||
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | ||
|+ '''''biaren'' 'to carry'''' | |+ '''''biaren'' 'to carry'''' | ||
! tense || ''jac'' || '' | ! tense || ''jac'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum'' || ''jā'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present indicative | ! present indicative | ||
| ''biara'' || | | ''biara'' || ''biaried'' || ''biarend́'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present subjunctive | ! present subjunctive | ||
| ''biare'' || ''biared'' || ''biaren'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! past indicative | ! past indicative | ||
| ''bar'' || '' | | ''bar'' || ''bared'' || ''baren'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past subjunctive | ! past subjunctive | ||
| ''buri | | ''buri'' || ''burid'' || ''burin'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! imperative | ! imperative | ||
| ''-'' || ''biar | | ''-'' || ''biar!'' || ''-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan=" | !colspan="4"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present participle | ! present participle | ||
|colspan=" | |colspan="3"| ''biarend'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past participle | ! past participle | ||
|colspan=" | |colspan="3"| ''buren'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Also: ''briaken, brak, bruken'' 'break', ''niamen, nam, numen'' 'take', ''piamen, pam, pumen'' 'come', ''sbriaken, sbrak, sbruken'' 'speak', ''sdialen, sdal, sdulen'' 'steal', ''hialpen, halp, hulpen'' 'help', ''driasg, drasg, drusgen'' 'thresh', ''sdiarf, sdarf, sdurfen'' 'die' | Also: ''briaken, brak, bruken'' 'break', ''niamen, nam, numen'' 'take', ''piamen, pam, pumen'' 'come', ''sbriaken, sbrak, sbruken'' 'speak', ''sdialen, sdal, sdulen'' 'steal', ''hialpen, halp, hulpen'' 'help', ''driasg, drasg, drusgen'' 'thresh', ''sdiarf, sdarf, sdurfen'' 'die' | ||
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | ||
|+ '''''giafen'' 'to give'''' | |+ '''''giafen'' 'to give'''' | ||
! tense || ''jac'' || '' | ! tense || ''jac'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum'' || ''jā'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present indicative | ! present indicative | ||
| ''giafa'' || | | ''giafa'' || ''giafied'' || ''giafend́'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present subjunctive | ! present subjunctive | ||
| ''giafe'' || ''giafed'' || ''giafen'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! past indicative | ! past indicative | ||
| ''gaf'' || '' | | ''gaf'' || ''gafed'' || ''gafen'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past subjunctive | ! past subjunctive | ||
| ''giafi'' || | | ''giafi'' || ''giafid'' || ''giafin'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! imperative | ! imperative | ||
| ''-'' || ''giaf | | ''-'' || ''giaf!'' || ''-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan=" | !colspan="4"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present participle | ! present participle | ||
|colspan=" | |colspan="3"| ''giafend'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past participle | ! past participle | ||
|colspan=" | |colspan="3"| ''giafen'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Also: ''driapen, drap, driapen'' 'hit, meet', ''fergiaten, fergat, fergiaten'' 'forget', ''liasen, las, liaren'' 'read', ''siawen, saw, siawen'' 'see'. There are also the j-present verbs ''bidin, bad, biaden'' 'beg, pray', ''ligin, lag, liagen'' 'lie' | Also: ''driapen, drap, driapen'' 'hit, meet', ''fergiaten, fergat, fergiaten'' 'forget', ''liasen, las, liaren'' 'read', ''siawen, saw, siawen'' 'see'. There are also the j-present verbs ''bidin, bad, biaden'' 'beg, pray', ''ligin, lag, liagen'' 'lie' | ||
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | ||
|+ '''''grafen'' 'to dig'''' | |+ '''''grafen'' 'to dig'''' | ||
! tense || ''jac'' || '' | ! tense || ''jac'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum'' || ''jā'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present indicative | ! present indicative | ||
| ''grafa | | ''grafa'' || ''grafied'' || ''grafend́'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present subjunctive | ! present subjunctive | ||
| ''grafe'' || ''grafed'' || ''grafen'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! past indicative | ! past indicative | ||
| ''grāf'' || '' | | ''grāf'' || ''grāfed'' || ''grāfen'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past subjunctive | ! past subjunctive | ||
| ''grafi'' || | | ''grafi'' || ''grafid'' || ''grafin'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! imperative | ! imperative | ||
| ''-'' || ''graf!'' | | ''-'' || ''graf!'' || ''-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan=" | !colspan="4"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present participle | ! present participle | ||
|colspan=" | |colspan="3"| ''grafend'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past participle | ! past participle | ||
|colspan=" | |colspan="3"| ''grafen'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Also: ''faren, fār, faren'' 'spread', ''slagen, slāg, slagen'' 'strike', ''sdanden, sdānd, sdanden'' 'stand', ''wagsen, wāgs, wagsen'' 'grow', ''wasgen, wāsg, wasgen'' 'wash', ''jaten, jāt, jaten'' 'eat' (reclassified from class 5) | Also: ''faren, fār, faren'' 'spread', ''slagen, slāg, slagen'' 'strike', ''sdanden, sdānd, sdanden'' 'stand', ''wagsen, wāgs, wagsen'' 'grow', ''wasgen, wāsg, wasgen'' 'wash', ''jaten, jāt, jaten'' 'eat' (reclassified from class 5) |
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