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Hadda: Difference between revisions
→Morphology
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===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
'''Case''': affects final vowel | |||
*Absolutive: ''-a'' | |||
*Nominative: ''-u'' | |||
*Genitive: ''-i'' (palatalizes final velar) | |||
'''Number''': infixed before case vowel | |||
*Paucal: ''-aan-'' | |||
*Plural: ''-aaw-'' | |||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
(Example verbs are ''gaaⱳa'' "to throw", ''maara'' 'to lead", and ''ħaɗɗa'' "to be ħaɗɗa") | (Example verbs are ''gaaⱳa'' "to throw", ''maara'' 'to lead", and ''ħaɗɗa'' "to be ħaɗɗa") | ||
The infinitive of native verbs is of the form ''XCaaCa'' or ''XCaCCa'', where X can be anything. Only the final portion (after X) changes. Therefore, "initial" consonant below refers to the initial consonant in the penultimate syllable. | The infinitive of native verbs is of the form ''XCaaCa'' or ''XCaCCa'', where X can be anything. Only the final portion (after X) changes. Therefore, "initial" consonant below refers to the initial consonant in the penultimate syllable. | ||
Mood: affects final vowel. | '''Mood''': affects final vowel. | ||
*Indicative: ''-a'' | *Indicative: ''-a'' | ||
**Used in declarative sentences for a statement of fact. | **Used in declarative sentences for a statement of fact. | ||
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**Used for command, imploring, self-encouragement, etc - e.g. ''ħaɗɗi'' "be Hadda" | **Used for command, imploring, self-encouragement, etc - e.g. ''ħaɗɗi'' "be Hadda" | ||
Tense + aspect: affects stem | '''Tense + aspect''': affects stem. | ||
*Future: | *Future: | ||
**Initial velar: labialized - e.g. ''gwaaⱳa'' "will throw" | **Initial velar: labialized - e.g. ''gwaaⱳa'' "will throw" | ||
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Secondary verbs can be derived from primary or other secondary verbs. For example: | Secondary verbs can be derived from primary or other secondary verbs. For example: | ||
*Intensive: Formed by reduplicating ''Ca-'' or ''CaCa-'' - e.g. ''gaǥaaⱳa'', ''gaⱳaǥaaⱳa'' "is throwing repeatedly/intensely" | *Intensive: Formed by reduplicating ''Ca-'' or ''CaCa-'' - e.g. ''gaǥaaⱳa'', ''gaⱳaǥaaⱳa'' "is throwing repeatedly/intensely" | ||
'''Person + number''': indicated by prefixes attached to the verb stem. The initial consonant of the verb is not lenited, despite occurring between vowels. The prefix may be dropped if the subject is clear from context. | |||
*1S: ''na-'' - e.g. ''namiira'' "I was leading" | |||
*1P: ''nawa-'' - e.g. ''nawagaaⱳa'' "we are throwing" | |||
*2S: ''ta-'' - e.g. ''taħaɗɗi'' "be Hadda!" | |||
*2P: ''tawa-'' - e.g. ''tawajiiro'' "you (''pl.'') might have said" | |||
*3S: ''fa-'' - e.g. ''famalla'' "he/she leads regularly" | |||
*3P: ''fawa-'' - e.g. ''famoola'' "they will lead" | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||