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| [[Xaetjeon/Lexicon]] | | [[Hlou-Shum languages/Lexicon]] |
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| '''{{PAGENAME}}''' /ˈdɮetʃɑn/ ({{PAGENAME}}: ''baeychnae Xaetjeon'' /ˈpejxne ˈɮetʃʰɑn/) is a Talman language spoken by the Dxaetjfa people. It is a [[Naquic languages|Naquic language]] (descendant of [[Naquian]]) inspired by Praimhín's [[Gussnish]]. | | '''Hlou-Shum''' ([[Hlou]]: ''Ntzog Ntzog Schlaub-Xön''; [[Ko]]: ''lees yoo ndoigh Hloodh-Xoo'') is a placeholder name for a language family that includes [[Hlou]]. Most modern Hlou-Shum languages are tonal. The proto-language, '''Proto-Hlou-Shum''' (PHS), is about 2500 years old. The family is based on the idea of recasting IE languages as Hmong-like languages. |
| | TODO: actually look at OC more |
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| Main sources of loanwords:
| | ==Family tree== |
| *[[Tíogall]] | | *Proto-Hlou-Shum |
| *[[Netagin]] | | **[[Hlou]] (''Ntzog Schlaub'') |
| *[[Bênôcian]] | | **Shumic |
| *[[Nurian]] | | ***[[Shum]] (''lhàu śúṃ'') |
| *Some from [[Naquian]] | | **[[Ko]] (''lees ndoigh Komh'') |
| | **[[Tlu]] (χμῶ Τλὣ) |
| | **[[Liai]] (''hmỳ Liaĩ'') |
| | **[[Clooa]] (''Mois de la Crouet'') |
| | |
| | ===Timeline=== |
| | Proto-Hlou-Shum: 2500 years BP |
| | |
| | ==Writing system== |
| | Proto-Hlou-Shum was written with a system of logographs. Hlou, Ko and Shumian developed the logographs separately into their own writing systems. |
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| ==Phonology== | | ==Phonology== |
| | ===Phonotactics=== |
| | A Proto-Hlou-Shum word had the structure |
| | |
| | (preinitial) + (C)C(r/l)V(C)(C) <sup>tone</sup>. |
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| | Preinitials were unstressed derivational prefixes. |
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| ===Consonants=== | | ===Initials=== |
| {| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"
| | *p t tθ ts tx ḱ k kw ʔ |
| |-
| | *bh dh dθh dsh dxh ģh gh gwh |
| !colspan="2"| !!Labial !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Lateral !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
| | *b d dθ ds dx ǵ g gw |
| |-
| | *f θ s x h |
| !colspan="2"|Nasal
| | *F Θ S X H = voiced/breathy f θ s x h |
| | '''m''' /m/|| '''n''' /n/|| || || || '''ng''' /ŋ/ ||
| | *m n ń ŋ y r l w |
| |-
| | *M N Ń Ŋ Y R L W = breathy counterparts |
| !rowspan="2"|Stop
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| !<small>tenuis</small>
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| | '''b''' /p/ || '''d''' /t/ || '''dz''' /ts/ || '''dx''' /tɬ/ || '''dj''' /tʃ/ || '''g''' /k/||
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| |-
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| !<small>aspirated</small>
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| | '''p''' /pʰ/ || '''t''' /tʰ/ || '''ts''' /tsʰ/ || '''tq''' /tɬʰ/ || '''tj''' /tʃʰ/ || '''c''' /kʰ/ ||
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| |-
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| !rowspan="2"|Fricative
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| !<small>voiceless</small>
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| | '''f''' /f/ || '''th''' /θ/|| '''s''' /s/ || '''q''' /ɬ/|| '''sj''' /ʃ/ || '''ch''' /x/ || '''h''' /h/
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| |-
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| !<small>voiced</small>
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| | '''v''' /v/ || '''dh''' /ð/|| '''z''' /z/|| '''x''' /ɮ/ || '''zj''' /ʒ/ || '''gh''' /ɣ/||
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| |-
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| !colspan="2"| Approximant
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| | || || || '''l''' /l/||'''y''' /j/ || '''w''' /w/||
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| |}
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| ;Notes
| | θ-series > ɬ-series in some descendants |
| *In casual speech, the unaspirated stops and affricates /p t ts tɬ tʃ k/ are voiced intervocalically to [b d dz dɮ dʒ ɡ].
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| *Depending on speaker, /l/ may be slightly retracted [l̠] or slightly velarized [lˠ].
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| ===Vowels===
| | Ko and Clooa gain uvulars through velars + r/l. |
| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"
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| |+ '''{{PAGENAME}} vowels'''
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| |-
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| ! style="width: 60px; "|
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| ! style="width: 60px; " |Front
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| ! style="width: 60px; " |Central
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| ! style="width: 60px; " |Back
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Close
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| | '''i''' /i/
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| | '''u''' /u/
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Mid
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| | '''ae''' /e/
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| | '''eu''' /ə/
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| | '''o''' /o/
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Open
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| | '''a''' /æ/
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| | '''eo''' /ɑ/
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| |}
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| ;Notes
| | ===Nuclei=== |
| */ɨ/ is near-close central [ɨ̞].
| | a e i o u ə ai au ei ou iə uə |
| */ə/ may be pronounced [ɤ] by some speakers.
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| ===Mutations=== | | ===Coda=== |
| | Allowed finals: |
| | *-p -t -k |
| | *-mp -nt -nk |
| | *-m -n -l -w -y |
| | *-ʔ -s |
| | *nasal + s or ʔ |
| | *plosive + s |
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| {| class="greentable lightgreenbg"
| | ===Tones=== |
| |-
| | PHS was non-tonal. The tones in daughter languages are actually reflexes of final types in PHS: |
| ! Normal
| | *A: -0, -N, -l |
| || p || f || t || th || ts || s || tq || q || tj || sj || c || b || v || d || dh || dz || z || dx || x || dj || zj || g
| | *B: -ʔ |
| |-
| | *C: -s |
| ! Lenited
| | *D: -t |
| || f || f || th || th || s || h || q || q || sj || sj || ch || v || v || dh || dh || z || 0 || x || x || zj || zj || gh
| | *E: -p, -k |
| |}
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| | The incidence of tones A, B, C in Hlou-Shum words follows the ratio 2:1:1. |
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| {| class="greentable lightgreenbg"
| | ==Grammar== |
| |-
| | Proto-Hlou-Shum was head-initial like Vietnamese. |
| ! Normal
| | ===Reduplication=== |
| || m || n || ng || w || l || y
| | Total reduplication was used for noun plurals, verbal imperatives, and adverbs from adjectives. |
| |-
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| ! Lenited
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| || v || n || ng || w || w || y
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| |}
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| ===Prosody===
| | Some descendants turned this into partial reduplication. |
| ====Stress====
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| In native words stress is on the first syllable, not counting prefixes. In loans, stress falls on the same syllable as in the source language.
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| ====Intonation==== | | ===Derivation=== |
| | Sometimes two prefixes could be used. |
| | *''s-'': nominalization, "metonymy", adjectivizer |
| | **''louʔ'' 'spring (season)' > ''slouʔ'' 'springlike, where there is spring' |
| | *''-ʔ'': nominalization |
| | **''lou'' 'to plant' > ''louʔ'' 'spring (season)' |
| | *m- preinitial |
| | *r- preinitial |
| | **lenition/retroflexion in Hlou |
| | *θ- preinitial |
| | **changes some consonants in Shum |
| | **maybe it's the same as the r-preinitial |
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| ===Phonotactics=== | | ==Reflexes== |
| ===Morphophonology=== | | === Hlou === |
| | ==== Initials ==== |
| | Initial clusters (not every cluster may be allowed) |
| | *ḱ ǵ ś > tx dx x |
| | *pl tl ḱl kl ʔl > pl tl schl kl schl |
| | *npl ntl nḱl nkl > npl ntl nkl nkl |
| | *bl dl ǵl gl > bl dl gl gl |
| | *nbl ndl nǵl ngl > nbl ndl ngl ngl |
| | *fl vl sl śl > fl fl schl schl |
| | *tzl tsl > tz ts |
| | *ntzl ntsl ntxl > ntz nts ntx |
| | *dz ds dxl > dz ds dx |
| | *ndzl ndsl ndxl > nl nl nl |
| | *ml nl > ml nl |
| | *pr, br > pf, v |
| | *kr, gr > sch |
| | *tr, dr > tr, dr |
| | *sp, st, str, stl, sc, sk > schm, schn, schr, schl, x, sch |
| | *sm, sn, sṇ, sń > schm, schn, schr, x |
| | *stz sts stx > tz ts tx |
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| ==Morphology==
| | The n-preinitial turns some consonants into prenasalized consonants |
| ===Nouns===
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| ''-meo/-eom, -nae, -neu'' < ''ixmi, hinē, hinuoz''
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| {| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 440px; text-align: center;"
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| |-
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| |+ '''''pa'' - person'''
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| |-
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| !rowspan="2"|
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| !colspan="2"|Indefinite
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| !colspan="2"|Definite
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| |-
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| !Singular
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| !Plural
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| !Singular
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| !Plural
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| |-
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| ! Nominative
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| || ''pa'' || ''pameo'' || ''panae'' || ''paneu''
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| |-
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| ! Vocative
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| || ''fa'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''faneu''
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| |}
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| ====Possessive pronouns====
| | The r-preinitial (some koineization) |
| The possessive pronouns are: (derived from [[Naquian]] possessive prefixes) | | *r-p r-t r-ḱ r-k r-ʔ > f tr sch sch h |
| | *r-np r-nt r-nḱ r-nk > mpf ntr nk nk |
| | *r-b r-d r-ǵ r-g > v dr j g |
| | *r-nb r-nd r-nǵ r-ng > mpf ndr ng ng |
| | *r-f r-v r-z r-s r-x r-h > f w ntz nts ntx h |
| | *r-tz r-ts r-tx > z s x |
| | *r-ntz r-nts r-ntx > ntz nts ntx |
| | *r-dz r-ds r-dx > j j j |
| | *r-ndz r-nds r-ndx > ntz nts ntx |
| | *r-m r-n r-ń r-y r-l r-w > w n j j drl r |
| | *r-Cl > drl, trl, ndrl, ntrl |
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| {| class="greentable lightgreenbg " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | | -k > glottal stop final |
| | ==== Tones ==== |
| | Tone split from voiceless initial/voiced initial? |
| | {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" |
| | ! Tone class |
| | ! Voiceless initial (5/8) |
| | ! Voiced initial (3/8) |
| |- | | |- |
| !colspan="4" | Possessive pronouns | | ! A (10/27) |
| | | ''-b'' (23%) |
| | | ''-0'' (14%) |
| |- | | |- |
| !style="width: 50px; "| | | ! B (5/27) |
| !style="width: 100px; "|Singular
| | | ''-n'' (12%) |
| !style="width: 100px; "|Plural
| | | ''-s'' (6.9%) |
| |- | | |- |
| !|1 | | ! C (5/27) |
| |''neu '''v'''if''<br/>''neu ow'' | | | ''-s'' (12%) |
| |''meu '''v'''if''<br/>''meu ow'' | | | ''-g'' (6.9%) |
| |- | | |- |
| !|1 + 2 | | ! D (4/27) |
| |''-'' | | | ''-ß'' (9.3%) |
| |''peu '''v'''if''<br/>''peu ow'' | | | ''-d'' (5.6%) |
| |- | | |- |
| !|2 | | ! E (3/27) |
| |''sjeu '''v'''if''<br/>''sjeu ow''
| | | ''-hn'' (6.9%) |
| |''tseu '''v'''if''<br/>''tseu ow'' | | | ''-h'' (4.2%) |
| |-
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| !|3
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| |''i '''v'''if''<br/>''i ow''
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| |''i '''m'''if''<br/>''i '''n'''ow'' | |
| |-
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| !|Interr/Indef
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| |colspan=2|''tae '''v'''if''<br/>''tae ow''
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| |} | | |} |
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| Possession is indicated with third-person possessive pronouns: Ex. ''i vif fanae'' = 'the man's house' (The ''panae'' lenites since it follows a feminine noun ''mif''.)
| | Among non-E syllables the distribution is: |
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| ===Adjectives===
| | b (23%) > s (19%) > 0 (14%) > n (12%) > ß (9.3%) > g (6.9%) > d (5.6%) |
| Adjectives do not take affixes. However, adjectives modifying indefinite feminine nouns (i.e. nouns that ended in a vowel in Naquian) undergo lenition.
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| :'''''pa seowan'''''
| | ===Shum=== |
| :''a small person''
| | s- triggers tone split |
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| :'''''mif heowan'''''
| | b p > bh p |
| :''a small house''
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| However, the suffixes ''-nae'' and ''-meo'' (''-eom'' is used for nouns ending in labials) always lenite the following noun:
| | sb sp > b p |
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| :'''''panae heowan'''''
| | np nb > b mh |
| :''the small person''
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| :'''''mifeom heowan'''''
| | spr pr > ph p |
| :''the small houses''
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| Predicative adjectives precede the subject, while attributive adjectives follow it.
| | sbr br > bh bh |
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| ===Pronouns===
| | nCl, r.Cl > nl or nlh |
| ===Prepositions and conjunctions===
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| *''tjeo-L'' = and
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| *''teo-L'' = at
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| *''yae-L'' = to
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| ===Verbs===
| | l > l, D.l > ll |
| The word order is usually tense-subject-verbnoun-object or, when the object is a pronoun, tense-subject-object-verbnoun. However, tense-verbnoun-subject is acceptable as well. A nominal direct object is lenited; in fact, any indefinite dependent noun is lenited when used after a sequence of verbnoun + adjunct (similarly to the Welsh 'syntactic mutation' and the Modern Standard Arabic 'faulty accusative').
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| Most verbnouns end in ''-asj'' (cognate to Tíogall verbnouns in ''-ach''), but there are exceptions among common verbs.
| | f > h |
| *''Lon teo siv'' = 'I'm running' (''siv'' is a lenited form of ''tsiv''.)
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| *''Lon teo i chaevasj'' = 'I'm protecting it' (lit. "I'm at its protecting")
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| *''Lon teo i chaevasj vifnae'' = 'I'm protecting the house'
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| *''Lon teo chaevasj vifnae'' = 'I'm protecting the house' (colloquial)
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| Examples of syntactic mutation:
| | Dp Db Dt Dd Dk Dg > f v th dh ch gh |
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| *''Lo teo siv yae vin '''f'''a.'' = 'Tonight, a man is running.'
| | f v th dh ch gh > p bh t dh k gh |
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| ====Copula====
| | x > tl |
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| {| class="greentable lightgreenbg " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
| | z > ś, s > s |
| |-
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| !colspan="4" | Present tense
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| |-
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| !style="width: 50px; "|
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| !style="width: 100px; "|Singular
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| !style="width: 100px; "|Plural
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| |-
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| !|1
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| |''lon''
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| |''lovae''
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| |-
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| !|1 + 2
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| |''-''
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| |''lont''
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| |-
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| !|2
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| |''losj''
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| |''lopeo''
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| |-
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| !|3
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| |''lo''
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| |''loq''
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| |}
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| ===Numbers===
| | k' > ś, g' > jh |
| Numbers 1-12: paev, tiho, natj-L, tsov, tsaweo, bael-L, oth, loseoth, bas-L, gaeyo, dav, dadheo-L (multiples of 3 lenite the following noun!)
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| ===Derivational morphology===
| | *kw > p |
| *''-asj'' (f): nominalizer | | *gw > v > vh in shum |
| *''-iy'' (f): abstract noun | | *w > w > v in shum |
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| ==Phrasebook== | | ==Sample== |
| *''Lon Dxaetjfa.'' = I am a Dxaetjeon person.
| | '''ʔouh ʔak zamp-zamp''' |
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| [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
| | The Sheep and the Horses |
| [[Category:Naquic languages]]
| | [[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Language families]] |
| [[Category:Quihum languages]] | |
| [[Category:Languages]] | |