Is Burunking: Difference between revisions

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====Conjugation====
====Conjugation====
Verbs are conjugated according to tense, mood and transitivity by means of particles that follow the main verb. Verbs may be transitive or intransitive; they may be indicative, hypothetical or imperative; and they may be past or present. Verbs are not marked for either person or number.
Verbs are conjugated largely by means of particles that follow the main verb. Verbs may express the following:
* Tense: present or non-present
* Mood: indicative, hypothetical, imperative
* Aspect: imperfective or perfective
* Valency: transitive, intransitive or causative.


There are two sets of particles: ''da'' particles are used with intransitive verbs and ''zu'' particles with transitive and causative verbs. The choice of ''da'' or ''zu'' is semantically motivated, so that a single verb form can take either depending on the sense intended, e.g. ''iluaz da'' "spreads (itself) out" vs. ''iluaz zu'' "spreads, scatters".
The verb stem, whether primary or secondary, is considered imperfective in sense. A perfective sense is indicated by adding the suffix ''-i'' to the stem, e.g. ''yang'' "eats, eating" > ''yangi'' "ate", ''inuapush'' "asks, asking" > ''inuapushi'' "asked".
 
There are two main sets of particles to indicate tense, mood and valency: ''da'' particles are used with intransitive verbs and ''zu'' particles with transitive and causative verbs. Each set has a different particle for present and past indicative, hypothetical and imperative. These are placed directly after the main verb, e.g. ''yang zu'' "is eating", ''erayekii fong'' "was building".


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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|-
|-
| Imperative || ''bii'' || ''byo''
| Imperative || ''bii'' || ''byo''
|}
Other particles may precede the main particle, giving further shades of meaning. These are usually joined with a hyphen, e.g. ''ngane ka etoz au-da?'' "will he come?"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Particle !! Meaning !! Uses
|-
| ''ee'' || negative || negates any verb, e.g. ''nepa ka ilui ee-heng'' "she did not die"
|-
| ''au''|| interrogative || asks simple yes/no questions, e.g. ''yi ka ewang au-da?'' "are you going?"
|-
| ''te'' || uncertainty || expresses uncertainty about the action of the verb, e.g. ''ngane ka loging te-da'' "perhaps he is sleeping"
|-
| ''meng'' || hearsay || indicates that the speaker does not know in person, e.g. ''ngange ka loging meng-da'' "I heard he is sleeping"
|-
| ''ba'' || "if" || indicates the conditional, e.g. ''yi ewang ba-da'' "if you are going".
|}
|}


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