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Chlouvānem/Morphology: Difference between revisions
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→Secondary moods: evidentiality
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The four secondary moods expressing evidentiality are all similarly formed, but with different stem additions. All of them are, historically, the result of grammaticalization of different verbs to the Proto-Lahob second infinitive in *-on, explaining why they are formed by adding ''-an'' to the verb stem and then another particle.<br/>Note that the third person singular has a -∅ ending in the present exterior in all four evidentials. | The four secondary moods expressing evidentiality are all similarly formed, but with different stem additions. All of them are, historically, the result of grammaticalization of different verbs to the Proto-Lahob second infinitive in *-on, explaining why they are formed by adding ''-an'' to the verb stem and then another particle.<br/>Note that the third person singular has a -∅ ending in the present exterior in all four evidentials. | ||
The ''visual evidential'' is made by adding '''-ansen-''' at the end of the verb, then conjugating it as a root verb (with -∅ for 3SG present exterior). e.g. ''yųlansen'' "it is [being] eaten (I see it)"; '' | The ''visual evidential'' is made by adding '''-ansen-''' at the end of the verb, then conjugating it as a root verb (with -∅ for 3SG present exterior). e.g. ''yųlansen'' "it is [being] eaten (I see it)"; ''yųlansenāhai'' "they are [being] eaten (I see it)"; ''yųlansente'' "(s)he eats (I see it)". | ||
The ''first inferential'', which refers to any non-visual inference that is probably true (often translatable with "apparently", "looks like"), is formed by adding '''-aneru(n)''' to the end of the verb. Note that 1SG present exterior does not add the epenthetic ''n'' but contracts ''-u-u'' to a long vowel instead. e.g.''yųlaneru'' "it is apparently being eaten"; ''yųlanerū'' "I am apparently eaten". Note that interior forms have ''-erir'' instead of *-erunir - cf. ''dældanerire'' "(s)he apparently speaks"; similarly causatives have ''-erild'' instead of *-erunild - cf. ''mišanerildegde'' "(s)he apparently shows". | The ''first inferential'', which refers to any non-visual inference that is probably true (often translatable with "apparently", "looks like"), is formed by adding '''-aneru(n)''' to the end of the verb. Note that 1SG present exterior does not add the epenthetic ''n'' but contracts ''-u-u'' to a long vowel instead. e.g.''yųlaneru'' "it is apparently being eaten"; ''yųlanerū'' "I am apparently eaten". Note that interior forms have ''-erir'' instead of *-erunir - cf. ''dældanerire'' "(s)he apparently speaks"; similarly causatives have ''-erild'' instead of *-erunild - cf. ''mišanerildegde'' "(s)he apparently shows". | ||