837
edits
Is Burunking: Difference between revisions
→Conjugation
| Line 644: | Line 644: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Function !! Intransitive !! Transitive | ! Function !! Intransitive !! Transitive !! Usage with Imperfective or Perfective | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Present || ''da ''|| ''zu'' | | Present || ''da ''|| ''zu'' || '''Impf:''' denotes an action ongoing at the time of speaking or a future, e.g. ''egosh zu'' "cooks, is cooking, will cook". <br/> '''Perf:''' denotes an action completed at the time of speaking, creating a near-past tense, e.g. ''egoshi zu'' "has cooked". | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Past || ''heng'' || ''fong'' | | Past || ''heng'' || ''fong'' || '''Impf:''' denotes an action ongoing at some past time (past progressive), e.g. ''egosh fong'' "was cooking" <br/> '''Perf:''' denotes an action completed at some past time (remote-past), e.g. ''egoshi fong'' "had cooked". | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Hypothetical || ''li'' || ''lu'' | | Hypothetical || ''li'' || ''lu'' || '''Impf:''' denotes an ongoing hypothetical action, e.g. ''egosh lu'' "may be cooking". <br/> '''Perf:''' denotes a completed hypothetical action, e.g. ''egoshi lu'' "may have cooked". | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Imperative || ''bii'' || ''byo'' | | Imperative || ''bii'' || ''byo'' || Used only with the '''Impf.''' to denote a command (2nd person) or an entreaty (1st and 3rd person), e.g. ''egosh byo'' "cook!" | ||
|} | |} | ||
| Line 661: | Line 661: | ||
! Particle !! Meaning !! Uses | ! Particle !! Meaning !! Uses | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''es'' || negative || negates any verb, e.g. ''nepa ka ilui es-heng'' "she did not die" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''au''|| interrogative || asks simple yes/no questions, e.g. ''yi ka ewang au-da?'' "are you going?" | | ''au''|| interrogative || asks simple yes/no questions, e.g. ''yi ka ewang au-da?'' "are you going?" | ||
| Line 670: | Line 670: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''ba'' || "if" || indicates the conditional, e.g. ''yi ewang ba-da'' "if you are going". | | ''ba'' || "if" || indicates the conditional, e.g. ''yi ewang ba-da'' "if you are going". | ||
|} | |||
====Modals==== | |||
Modality is expressed by means of other secondary particles, placed before the main tense particle, which is always in the ''zu'' series, even if the verb is intransitive. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Particle !! Meaning !! Uses | |||
|- | |||
| ''anau'' || can, may || expresses ability, including cabability, knowledge how and ability according to circumstances, e.g. ''ni ba irixinua anau-zu'' "I can sing". | |||
|- | |||
| ''beez''|| must, need || expresses necessity, e.g. ''ni ba lowash beez-zu'' "I need to go to sleep". | |||
|- | |||
| ''nei'' || want || expresses desire to do something, e.g. ''ni ba eshe a ewang nei-fong'' "I wanted to go home". | |||
|} | |} | ||