User:Ceige/Gallo-Iberian
Vowels
| Classical Latin | Closed | Open & Tonic |
|---|---|---|
| ī | Example | Example |
| ū | Example | Example |
| ē, i, oe | e | e ~ ɛe |
| ō, u | o | o ~ ɔo |
| e, ae | ɛ | eɛ (> ie; but this was later than 600AD) |
| o | ɔ | oɔ (> uo > ue; but this was later than 600AD) |
| a | a | a |
| au | ɔ | ɒɔ |
In addition:
- for all vowels other than closed and au, there are open-stressed variants that are slightly diphthongised, e.g. ɛ might be eɛ and e might be ɛe
- new diphthongs arise as consonants lenite away
- unstressed e often turns into a semivowel before other vowels, this happening quite early on.
Consonants
| Classical Latin | Normal | Intervocalic (ignoring r's) | Palatalised |
|---|---|---|---|
| p | p | p | p (unless voiced first) |
| t | t | d | tsj |
| c | c | Example | tsj > z <c, ç, z>(unless voiced first) |
| qu | qu | gu | rarely tsj > z, mostly k (cf. cinco) |
| b | b | Example | j (rubeV-> rojo, rouge) |
| d | d | Example | j (diurnal- > journal) |
| g | g | event. j | j (g ~ j alternations) |
| x | - | js | js ~ sj |
| f | Example | Example | Example |
| s | s | s ~ z | sj ~ js (cf. x) |
| h | Ø? | Ø | Ø |
| m | m | m | mj, nj (cambiare > change) |
| n | n, Ø (in ns) | n | nj |
| r | r, : (in rs > ss e.g. dorsu- > dosso; tempero-dialectal thing) | r | rj |
| l | l | l ~ r | lj ~ jl |
In addition:
- L after vowels originally is dark when it becomes a semi-vowel (e.g. altro > otro), but later on it stops being dark in some dialects, allowing for "mucho" to exist).
Last but definitely not least
(Source I recommend reading the first parts of the "Chronological history" section of: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_French)
- word initial s- becomes ǐs- > ēs- (es-)
- Any word final consonant in Latin that isn't -s gets culled off unless it's a monosyllable (e.g. rem > rien)
- ns > s (mensa > mesa)
- rs > ss (sporadically due to different trends in different communities) (*Dorsum > *dossu > dos in Fr, ursum > urso)
- unstressed intertonic vowels get reduced into oblivion in specific circumstances (Consult wikipedia page)
- -er > -re, -or > -ro -- French would lose final -e in general, thus super > supre > suwr(e) > sur; Spanish joins in later with -dad.
- kt > jt
- ks > js (~sj > š in some areas)
- Some inconsistent treatment of breaking vowels before palatals e.g. French nŏ́jte > nuojte > nujt > nuit; Es. noche, but mucho.
- Less inconsistent treatment of breaking vowels before liquids and nasals, e.g. Spanish tierra but French terre, but O.Fr. tertium > tierz
- Some disagreement between family members on how to treat things before semivowels in general, e.g. French sur but Es. sobre.