Linguifex

User:Ceige/Sako-Katsi-Kezha

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Sako

Random sound changes

Sound Changes

  • krdeh -> caQTeh -> saqqoh > sako
  • skwalos -> cw'alo -> p'al- -> bal-
  • suhnus -> fun-, fum-
  • wlkwos -> ulpi?

Katsi

Mix of Greek and Mandarin sound changes

Sound Changes

  • krdeh -> kartaa -> katsae -> katsi
  • skwalos -> mbalo-, sfal-
  • suhnus -> giouny
  • wlkwos -> giourpo?

Kezha

Mix of Mandarin and Persian sound changes

Sound Changes

  • krdeh -> kerTa -> kezha /kuh-drzha/ (zha)
  • skwalos -> guole, guale, guolet (guan, kuan, kkuan)
  • suhnus -> sun, shuan, shou-nu (shou)
  • wlkwos -> wa(n)kuo (guo, kuo)
  • dngwheh -> ten-kua (gua)
  • gwous -> kuo, kou (kuo)
  • tawros -> toule (toule?)
  • (s)pley -> pp(i)ei
  • lendh, londh -> len
  • ghebh -> kou, kebe (kou, bo)
  • newdh/t -> nou?

alt.:

  • platea -> pia-zi
  • confirmation -> ken-fanma-zhen

Phonology (see SEA Inspired #1)

Consonants

Initials

Manner Labial Dental Velar Glottal
Plosive p t k ʔ
Pre-nasalised Plosives ⁿp ⁿt ⁿk
Geminated Plosives pp tt kk
Nasals m n ŋ
Voiceless Nasals hm hn hŋ
Fricatives f s x h

Glides

Labial Semivowel Dental Lateral Retroflex Rhotic Palatal Semivowel Guttural Rhotic
w l r y ʀ

Prominent Initial-Glide combinations and common outcomes

ʔ- p- t- k- pp- tt- kk- m- n- ŋ- mp- nt- ŋk- f- s- x- h- Notes
+w w p tw kw pp ttw kkw m, w nw, m ŋw, m b dw gw f s xw, f hw, f Only the Velar series and guttural fricatives are (minimally) affected
+l l py ty ky ppy tty kky my, ny ny, l ŋy, ny by dy gy hl sy, hl hl hl The Dental series is the only one considerably affected
+r r p tʂ k pp ttʂ kk m, ɳ ɳ, r ŋ, ɳ b dʐ g hr ʂ, hr hr hr The Dental series is the only one considerably affected
+y y py tɕ ky ppy ttɕ kky m, ɲ ɲ, n ɲ, ŋ by dʑ gy hy ɕ, hy ç, hy hy The Dental and Velar series are equally affected
+ʀ ʀ p t k, q pp tt kk, qq m, ŋ n, ŋ ŋ, ʀ b d g, ɢ hʀ, f hʀ, s hʀ, x hʀ Only the Velar series is affected; overall this is the least impactful glide.

Finals

Manner Labial Dental Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive p t ʈ c k ʔ
Nasals m n ɳ ɲ ŋ
Voiceless Nasals (1) m̊ n̊ ɳ̊ ɲ̊ ŋ̊
Sonorants w l r y ʀ
Voiceless Sonorants (2) ẘ l̥ r̊ ẙ ʀ̊
Fricatives (2) h

Notes

  • (1): These are commonly reconstructed as simple plosives, as there is scant evidence for a full final voiceless nasal series
  • (2): These are controversial -- there is no direct evidence for them, and the only theories reconstructing them involve regressive voiceless harmony and proposed external relationships with other languages.

Common vowel outcomes

Note that /æ/ is sometimes written /ɛ/, /ʌ/ as /ɑ/, and /ǝa, aǝ/ as either /aa/ or /ɯa, aɯ/

Height y- +y l- +l Ø- +Ø r- +r ʀ- +ʀ w- +w
Closed /ɨ/ i i ɨ ɨ ɨ ɨ ɨ ɨ ɯ ɯ u u
Mid /ǝ/ ie ei æ æ ǝ ǝ ǝa aǝ ʌ ʌ uo ou
Open /a/ iæ æi æ æ a a ǝa aǝ ʌ ʌ uɔ ɔu
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