User:Ceige/Unnamed

Phonology

Consonants

The consonants are grouped into their traditional classifications.

	Labial	Dental	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Plosive	p	t	s	k	ʔ
Fricative	v	ð	z	g
Sonorant	m	n	j
Lateral		l

^{The single lateral counts as everything but labial}

Notes for the older form of the language

On assimilation where clusters arise...

Any two plosives that come in contact result in a geminated version of the second plosive.

akta > atta
atpa > appa
aʔka > akka &c.

Any two fricatives that some in contact result in a geminated version of the second one's corresponding plosive.

aðga > akka
avða > atta &c.

Any plosive or fricative that comes before a nasal will result in its gemination.

apna > anna

but

apja = apja (while aja appears dialectally, it is not part of the most achaic level of the language)

Any fricative that comes after a nasal will be converted to a plosive.

anða > anta

Furthermore, the nasal will match the traditional place of articulation (TPOA) of the plosive, even if it means becoming denasalised.

anza > ajsa (this is largely historical).

Where two non-sonorant (sonorant excl. laterals) consonants of the same TPOA come in contact, it tends to result in the gemination of the second consonant. For this, the lateral counts as

aðta > atta
atla > alla

but

apla = apla

There is one exception: L can precede any consonant (although historically it shifts to J before S)

alta = alta

Notes for the speech of (X LARGE AND NEW) group

On assimilation where clusters arise...

Plosives with plosives, fricatives with fricatives, etc et al, form geminates

atka > akka
aðpa > appa

Anything next to a nasal forms a nasal geminate (not in the older form)

amna > anna
anta > anna

All dentals next to a lateral form a lateral geminate (not in the older form)

alka > alla
alna > alla

Remaining laterals are absorbed into geminates if at the front, and vice versa.

alma > amma
amla > alla
apla > alla
alka > akka
alsa > assa &c.

For fricatives, this can result in the lateral being dropped, or the same as above.

alga > aga, akka (These are called "dissonant gradation pairs").

Essentially, the differences between older forms of the language and newer forms is that the newer forms avoid any and all clusters by making them geminated consonants.

Vowels

The core vowels in their traditional groupings:

Crescent Vowel diagram showing the realisation of the vowels affected by vowel harmony.

	Front	Near Front	Back
Close	i	ü	u
Mid	e	ö	o
Open		ä	a

The shape of vowels that aren't e/i (which are considered additional epenthetic vowels) has been referred to as crescent shaped. This is because of how they are realised (see diagram).

Grammar

Nouns

Nouns may form the plural with -i (occasionally written -j), which is a fusion of two historical suffixes. The first being -ʔi, which can be thought of as a verbal shorthand for reduplication, and the second is -ñ-, which referred to collectives. The two ended up merging.

Cases and other particles adjoin to the end of the noun, after the plural marker.

Words ending with -i will end up with -ei.

Particles

The following particles are used in noun and verb^[hmmm...] phrases. They represent noun case and verbal mood, quite often, as well as having various conjunctive roles.

	Front Form	Back Form	English Equivalent	Other language Equivalent
Topical (also Mirative)	vä	va	Topic particle. Homophone of the mirative, which is for expressing surprise and admiration.	は^JP
Accusative	mä	ma	Direct Object	を^JP
Genitive	nä	na	-'s	の、な^JP
Genitive (also Emphatic)	nö	no	Functions like the genitive, also as an emphatic particle	の、な^JP
Locative~Essive	ðä	ða	Indicates the existence of something (in relation to another thing's position)	で^JP, -de^TR
Additive	mö	mo	too, also	も^JP, 도 ^KO
Approximative	pi	pi	towards, about, almost, roughly	Not to be confused with Komi -лaнь
Allative-Translative	vi	vi	Indicates direction, heading, path	Almost equivalent to へ^JP, -way ^EN. Also used to make adjectives.
Locative-Instrumental	mi	mi	Indicates location, but also methods - "by"	で、に^JP, -lla ^FI, -yle ^TR
Terminative	ni	ni	Indicates destination, goal, intention or location.	に ^JP
Comitative	tö	to	"and, with", also used for quotes	と ^JP
Exessive-Ablative	lö	lo	"and then", "after that", "from there"
Nominaliser (also Conjunctive)	kä	ka	Makes the phrase act like a noun, but also can be used as if it has a conjunction with it	と、って、の^JP
Adverbal	kü	ku	Treats the phrase like a nominal turned into an adverb
Dubitative	nü	nu	Indicates belief from the speaker that something is unlikely, or that they're not sure about something regarding it.	ん^JP
Pensitive-Deliberative	mü	mu	Indicates that the speaker is considering or thinking about something. Also the "um" word.
Comitative-Adjectival/Aggregational	lü	lu	"con-, with". Often used in an adjectival sense. E.g. coffee with milk.	-li^TR
Emphatic-Finalitive	lä	la	Emphasises that something is the way it is
Quotational	jü	ju	Used in quotes, equivalent to "it says..."	って、　と言う^JP