South Carpathian grammar
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This article discusses the grammar of the South Carpathian language.
Nouns
South Carpathian has the least amount of cases among the Carpathian languages: four grammatical, three directional, and two locative cases (nine in total). The commitative case is obsolete, but it is used dialects of some villages and (seldom) in literature, thus it is listed below. Endings with back and front vowels are used with words having a respecting vowel harmony, so koi "house" uses back vowel endings, while pienkä "wind" uses front vowel endings.
| Case | Ending | Example | Translation | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| sg | pl | sg | pl | ||
| Grammatical | |||||
| nominative | – | -k | koi | koik | (a) house |
| accusative | -g/-da/-dä | -ba/-bä | kojug | koibă | house (as an object) |
| genitive | -gă/-gĕ | -ădă/-ĕdĕ | koigă | kojudă | of (a) house |
| essive | -p/-ĭp/-ip | -ub/-üb | koip | kojub | as (a) house |
| Locative | |||||
| inessive | -t | -tui/-töi | kojut | kojutui | in (a) house |
| adessive | -go/-gö | -ko/-kö | koigo | kojuko | on (a) house |
| Directional | |||||
| elative | -hĭ/-hi | -kĭ/-ki | koihĭ | koikĭ | out of (a) house |
| lative | -jăb/-jĕb/-ib | -kăb/-kĕb | koijăb | koikăb | to (a) house |
| ablative | -ci | -i | koici | kojui | from (a) house |
| Obsolete | |||||
| commitative | -ĭn/-in | -käin/-koan | kojĭn | koikoan | with (a) house |