Sixth Linguifex Relay/Nankôre
Introduction
More information about the grammar can be found in the Nankôre wiki. Readers are directed to the sections dealing with the animacy hierarchy and familiarize themselves with the direct-inverse marking system of the copula, as well as the verb complex.
Nankôre Text
Yorai, rasneskoro, kantómasyak yistá', sikoryak itá';
Paishi Tipāré hakór nitá',
Šaroc, šokankór intán šam rohpakór tānitá',
Pakornene, yuki kantó kaniskoro royuki itá',
Kaniskoro cercokor ita', ocerokór yorai ita', šoysak ita';
Nan yistá'.
Interlinear Gloss
- Yorai, rasneskoro, kantómasyak yistá', sikoryak itá';
jo'ɾaɪ ɾaʃ'neʃkoɾo kan'tomaʃak jiʃ'taʔ ʃɪ'koɾjak ɪ'taʔ;
yorai rasne=skoro kantó-mas=yak yistá-' si=kôre=ak itá-'
DIST.PST thing=DEM.PROX happy-ASSERT=1S INCH-DIR.PRS.COP-LS CONN=speak-1S DIR.PRS.COP-LS
- Paishi Tipāré hakór nitá';
paɪʃi tɪpa:'ɾɛ ha'koɾ nɪ'taʔ
Paishi Tipāré ha-kór n-itá-'
[PN] come-EVID.HEAR DIR.PST-COP-LS
- Šaroc, šokankór intán šam rohpakór tānitá';
'ʃaɾotʃ ʃokan'koɾ ɪn'tan ʃam ɾoɦpa'koɾ ta:nɪ'taʔ
šaroc, šokam-kór intá-' si=yam rohpa-kór tā-n-itá-'
earth.HA thank-EVID.HEAR DIR.HP.PRS.COP-LS CONN=accompany form-EVID.HEAR INV.P-HP-PRS.COP-LS
- Pakornene, kaniskoro yuki kantó kaniskoro royuki itá';
pakoɾ'nene ka'nɪʃkoɾo juki kan'to ka'nɪʃkoɾo ɾo'juki ɪ'taʔ
pakor-anene, yuki kantó kani=skoro ro-yuki itá-'
need-EVID.DUB, arm.HA happy.LA location=DEM.PROX remove-arm DIR.PRS.COP-LS
- Kaniskoro cercokór ita', ocerokór yorai ita', šoysak ita';
ka'nɪʃkoɾo tʃeɾ'koɾ ɪ'taʔ otʃeɾo'koɾ joɾaɪ ɪ'taʔ ʃoɪsak ɪ'taʔ
kani=skoro cerco-kór ita' ocero-kór yorai ita-' si=oysak ita-
location=DEM.PROX dwell-EVID.HEAR narrate-EVID.HEAR DIST.PST DIR.PRS..COP-LS CONN=rain.fall.down DIR.PRS.COP-LS
- Nan yistá'.
nan jɪʃ'taʔ
Nan yis-itá-'.
man INCH-DIR.PRS.COP-LS
Additional Notes
- In intransitive clauses, the copula takes the Direct forms only.
- In transitive clauses, high animate core arguments are considered Agents by default. Low animate core arguments acting as Agents license the Inverse marker ta-; the Inverse marker cliticizes to the initial verb of the verb complex, and is prefixed to the copula; the low animate argument is thus doubly marked by the Inverse marker.
- The pronominal animacy hierarchy is: 1st >> 2nd >> 3rd. However, note that plural 3rd person arguments outrank all singular arguments.
- The present tense, when used as a narrative tense, often refers to past events. Adverbial markers referring to the distal past, such as yorai, may thus appear with a present tense copula.
- Rather than using cases or adpositions to indicate thematic relations, Nankôre employs coverbs in verb serialization constructions.
More information about the grammar can be found in the Nankôre wiki. Readers are directed to the sections dealing with the animacy hierarchy and familiarize themselves with the direct-inverse marking system of the copula, as well as the verb complex.
Glossing Key
1S = First Person Singular
ASSERT = Assertive
CONN = Connective
COP = Copula
DEM.PROX = Proximal demonstrative
DIR = Direct Voice
DIST.PST = Distal Past
EVID.DUB = Dubitative evidential
EVID.HEAR = Hearsay evidential
HA = High Animate core argument
HP = High Animate Plural core argument
INCH = Inchoative
INV = Inverse Voice
LA = Low Animate core argument
LP = Low Animate Plural core argument
LS = Low Animate Singular core argument
P = Plural
PN = Proper Noun
PRS = Present tense
PST = Past tense
S = Singular