Karnišna
| Carnian | |
|---|---|
| Ⰽⰰⱃⱀⰻⱎⱀⰰ Karnišna | |
| Pronunciation | [[Help:IPA|ˈkaɾniʃna]] |
| Created by | – |
| Native to | Italy |
| Native speakers | - (2013) |
Indo-European
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-1 | - |
| ISO 639-2 | - |
| ISO 639-3 | - |
Carnian, also known as Karnišna (natively), is a South Slavic language spoken in Northern Italy, more specifically in two regions: Friuli-Venezia Giulia and Veneto. The language borders on several languages spoken in the area, namely Slovene, Friulian, Venetian, Italian and German. Carnian is a fairly conservative language (it has dual, for example), but with heavy influence from the neighbouring Romance languages, both in its grammar and vocabulary. The official script of the language is Glagolitic but Latin is used at an increasing rate nowadays.
Background
Phonology
Consonants
The Carnian consonant inventory is fairly simple. There are 32 consonants in total, 9 of which are geminate consonants. Carnian has lost the velar plosive /g/ and turned it into the velar fricative /ɣ/, with [g] being now an allophone of [ɣ]. An interesting feature of the language is also the dental fricative /ð/, which has developed from /d/ in some positions. Despite being a Slavic language, Carnian completely lacks palatal or palatalised consonants (except for /j/ and even that is often considered as a non-vocalic vowel).
| Bilabial | Labio-dental | Dental | Alveolar | Post- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | Plain | m | n | |||||
| Geminate | mː | nː | ||||||
| Plosive | Plain | p b | t d | k | ||||
| Geminate | pː | tː | kː | |||||
| Fricative | Plain | f | ð | s z | ʃ ʒ | x ɣ | ||
| Geminate | fː | sː | ||||||
| Affricate | t͡s | t͡ʃ d͡ʒ | ||||||
| Approximant | ʋ | j | w | |||||
| Trill | r | |||||||
| Flap or tap | ɾ | |||||||
| Lateral approx. | Plain | l | ||||||
| Geminate | lː | |||||||
Vowels
Carnian has 10 vowels total. There is no phonemic distinction between vowel legth but a general rule is that stressed vowels are longer than unstressed vowels.
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i y | u | |
| Close-mid | e ø | o | |
| Mid | ə | ||
| Open-mid | ɛ | ɔ | |
| Open | a |
Phonotactics
Orthography
The Latin alphabet of Carnian is close to a phonetic alphabet but with some historical spellings and letters.
| Letter-to-sound correspondence | ||
|---|---|---|
| Letter | Sound | Notes |
| A, a | [a], [aː] | Long only in stressed syllables. |
| Ä, ä | [ɛ], [ɛː] | Long only in stressed syllables. |
| Å, å | [ɔ], [ɔː] | Long only in stressed syllables. |
| B, b | [b], [p] | Voiceless in word-final syllables. |
| C, c | [t͡s] | |
| Č, č | [t͡ʃ] | |
| D, d | [d], [t] | Voiceless in word-final syllables. |
| E, e | [e], [eː] | Long only in stressed syllables. |
| Ë, ë | [ə] | Usually never long, even if stressed. |
| F, f | [f] | |
| FF, Ff, ff | [fː] | |
| G, g | [ɣ], [x] | Voiceless in word-final syllables. |
| [g], [k] | Allophonic realisations of [ɣ] and [x] respectively in some dialects. | |
| Ǧ, ǧ | [d͡ʒ] | Occurs in Romance loanwords. |
| H, h | [x] | |
| I, i | [i], [iː] | Long only in stressed syllables. |
| [j], [i̯] | The non-vocalic version an alternative classification of the sound. | |
| J, j | ||
| K, k | [k] | |
| KK, Kk, kk | [kː] | |
| L, l | [l] | |
| Ł, ł | [l] | Inter-vocally, word-initially and if followed by a consonant. |
| [j], [i̯] | Word-finally and if preceded by a consonant. | |
| M, m | [m] | |
| MM, Mm, mm | [mː] | |
| N, n | [n] | |
| NN, Nn, nn | [nː] | |
| O, o | [o], [oː] | Long only in stressed syllables. |
| Ö, ö | [ø], [øː] | Long only in stressed syllables. |
| P, p | [p] | |
| PP, Pp, pp | [pː] | |
| R, r | [ɾ] | |
| RR, Rr, r | [r], [ɾː] | The trill is sometimes classified as a geminate flap/tap. |
| S, s | [s] | |
| SS, Ss, ss | [sː] | |
| Š, š | [ʃ] | |
| T, t | [t] | |
| TT, Tt, tt | [tː] | |
| U, u | [u], [uː] | Long only in stressed syllables. |
| Ü, ü | [y], [yː] | Long only in stressed syllables. |
| Ů, ů | [u] | Never occurs in stressed syllables. |
| Ŭ, ŭ | [u̯], [w] | The non-vocalic part in diphthongs, sometimes classified as [w] |
| V, v | [ʋ] | An approximant, not a fricative. |
| [u̯], [w] | When followed by a consonant, forms a diphthong with the preceding vowel. | |
| W, w | [w], [u̯] | The non-vocalic version an alternative classification of the sound. |
| Y, y | [ə] | Usually never long, even if stressed. |
| Z, z | [z], [s] | Voiceless in word-final syllables. |
| Ž, ž | [ʒ], [ʃ] | Voiceless in word-final syllables. |
Grammar
Nouns
Carnian nouns are inflected according to gender, number and case. There are three genders, inherited from Proto-Slavic: masculine, feminine and neuter. There are also three numbers: singular, dual and plural. Carnian also has six cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, locative, and instrumental. The only case that has been lost since Proto-Slavic is vocative.
Declensions
Main: Carnian declensions
There are three main types of declensions, one for each gender. However, there are many smaller declensions with irregularities, and masculine nouns are also inflected according to animacy. In total, there are ten masculine declensions (all of them come in animate-inanimate variations), nine feminine declensions and nine neuter declensions.
| Overview of basic declension paradigms | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | ||||||
| Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| Nominative | -Ø | -a | -i | -a | -ä | -e | -u | -ä | -a |
| Genitive | -a | -ů | -e | -u | -Ø | -a | -Ø | ||
| Dative | -i | -oma | -on | -i | -ama | -an | -i | -oma | -on |
| Accusative | -Øinan./-aanim. | -a | -e | -å | -ä | -e | -u | -ä | -a |
| Locatve | -äinan./-ianim. | -äh | -ä | -ah | -ä | -äh | |||
| Instrumental | -on | -oma | -i | -å | -ama | -am | -on | -oma | -i |
Adjectives
Carnian adjectives belong to three types: qualitative, relational and possessive. They are also inflected for gender, number, case, and definiteness. Adjectives agree with the noun in the first three categories, that is in gender, number and case. Definiteness is shown only on adjectives, nouns are otherwise uninflected by it. Both the definite and the indefinite paradigms are divided into two types: short and long. The indefinite paradigms apply only to qualitative adjectives while the definite paradigms apply to relational and possessive adjectives. The short indefinite paradigm further applies only to qualitative adjectives in their comparative degree, and the short definite forms apply to qualitative adjectives in their superlative forms, and comparative forms if necessary. The short definite paradigms also applies to adjctival pronouns, such as the demonstratives.
| Overview of basic adjectival declension paradigms | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | Case | Indefinite | Definite | |||||||||||||
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||||||||||
| Long | Short | Long | Short | Long | Short | Long | Short | Long | Short | Long | Short | |||||
| Singular | Nominative | -Ø | -i | -a | -u | -e | -i(t) | -ala | -a | -ule | -e | |||||
| Genitive | -a | -e | -a | -(e)ga | -ylä | -e | -(e)ga | |||||||||
| Dative | -i | -ä | -i | -i | -(e)mi | -äl(i) | -i | -(e)mi | ||||||||
| Accusative | -Øin. -aan. |
-iin. -(e)gaan. |
-å | -u | -e | -i(t) | -i | -ålå | -å | -ule | -e | |||||
| Locative | -ä | -i | -ä | -i | -ä | -i | -en | -äl(i) | -i | -en | ||||||
| Instrumental | -on | -in | -å | -on | -in | -in | -ålå | -å | -in | |||||||
| Dual | Nominative | -a | -ä | -i | -ä | -i | -ala | -a | -äl(i) | -i | -äl(i) | -i | ||||
| Genitive | -i | -ih | -i | -ih | -i | -ih | -ili | -ej | -ili | -ej | -ili | -ej | ||||
| Dative | -oma | -ima | -ama | -ima | -oma | -ima | -ima | |||||||||
| Accusative | -a | -ä | -i | -ä | -i | -ala | -a | -äl(i) | -i | -äl(i) | -i | |||||
| Locative | -i | -ih | -i | -ih | -i | -ih | -ili | -ej | -ili | -ej | -ili | -ej | ||||
| Instrumental | -oma | -ima | -ama | -ima | -oma | -ima | -ima | |||||||||
| Plural | Nominative | -i | -e | -a | -ili | -i | -elä | -e | -ala | -a | ||||||
| Genitive | -äh | -ih | -ah | -ih | -äh | -ih | -ih | |||||||||
| Dative | -on | -in | -am(i) | -im(i) | -on | -in | -in | |||||||||
| Accusative | -e | -i | -e | -a | -elä | -i | -elä | -e | -ala | -a | ||||||
| Locative | -äh | -ih | -ah | -ih | -äh | -ih | -ih | |||||||||
| Instrumental | -e | -am(i) | -im(i) | -e | -im(i) | |||||||||||
Verbs
Carnian verbs are much like those in other Slavic languages, especially Slovene. Verbs conjugate according to number, person, tense and mood, and impersonal forms also for gender. There are two aspects: perfective and imperfective - each verb is inhenrently one or the other, with some verbs being both, and aspects can be changed by adding a prefix, a suffix or just using a different verb.
The verbal system is actually a rather interesting mix of Slavic and Romance conjugation patterns. Carnian has four moods: indicative, and imperative are inherited from Proto-Slavic, while conditional and subjunctive are borrowed from Romance languages (namely Friulian). There are also interrogative forms that have been borrowed from Friulian as well. The indicative has seven tenses: present, aorist, imperfect, future, present perfect, pluperfect and future anterior; of those the last three are formed periphrastically. The conditional and the subjunctive both have two tenses: present and preterite; and the preterite tenses are also periphrastic. The imperative does not really have any tenses.
| Overview of conjugations | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Personal forms | ||||||||||
| 1 sg | 2 sg | 3 sg | 1 du | 2 du | 3 du | 1 pl | 2 pl | 3 pl | ||
| Indicative | Present | -ri | -š | -Ø | -vä | -sta | -sta | -mo | -ste | -jö |
| Aorist | -h | -riš | -ra/-r | -rän | -nta | -nta | -rin/-rno | -nte | -rjö | |
| Imperfect | -jun/-jvyn | -jviš | -vja | -jvän | -juta | -juta | -jvin/-jvnü | -jute | -vjö | |
| Future | -dön/-nd | -döš | -dö | -dvä | -tta | -tta | -ndü | -tte | -dan | |
| Present prf. | use the present tense of byt followed by the past participle | |||||||||
| Pluperfect | use the aorist forms of byt followed by the past participle | |||||||||
| Future ante. | use the future tense of byt followed by the past participle | |||||||||
| Conditional | Present | -sin/-ns | -siš | -si | -svä | -sista | -sista | -snü | -siste | -sijö |
| Preterite | use the present tense of byt followed by the past participle | |||||||||
| Subjunctive | Present | -nsa | -šii | -se | -väi | -stai | -stai | -nmo/-nnü | -stii | -sie |
| Preterite | use the present tense of byt followed by the past participle | |||||||||
| Imperative | - | -i/-ej | - | -ivä/-ejvä | -ita/-ejta | - | -imo/-ejmo | -ite/-ejte | - | |
| Interrogative | -o | -(s)ti | -lam/-lef/n | -da | -da | -da | -io | -io | -io | |
| Impersonal forms | ||||||||||
| masc sg | fem sg | neut sg | masc sg | fem sg | neut sg | masc sg | fem sg | neut sg | ||
| Participle | Past active | -ŭ | -la | -lu | -la | -li | -li | -li | -le | -la |
| Past passive | -n | -na | -nu | -na | -ni | -ni | -ne | -na | ||