Eighth edition lekma
As for introduction of lekma /ˈleχmɐ/, it is a conlang, my reason to constructure a miniature language is, to make is a way to learn about languages, also to know languages has much affect on it, so it is under construction. Thanks for visitting this site. A lekma structure is as follows, an interjection/connection + an agent × an object × a verb + a subject/topic × a particle.
± Attributions adnoun + noun. // adverb + verb. // noun + adnoun clause. //verb + adverb clause. // noun + adjectifier + main noun. // prefix + noun. // noun + suffix. // noun + suffix + adjectifier + main noun. // affix × noun + particle. // particle + affix × noun. // affix × noun + adjectifier + main noun + particle. // sub clause + main clause.
Phonology
Graphemes are listed below the each phonemes.
Consonants
| Bilabial | Labio-dental | Dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m m |
n n |
ɳ nr |
ɲ nh |
ŋ un,-nn |
||||
| Plosive | p b b,ff b,rb |
t d t,d,tt d,rd |
k g c,k c,rc |
ʔ kk,` | |||||
| Affricate | t͡s tz |
ʈ͡ʂ tr |
t͡ɕ th |
||||||
| Fricative | f f |
θ cz* |
s // ʃ s // sh |
ʂ sr |
ɕ sh* |
χ -k,ch |
ɦ hh | ||
| Approximant | ʋ v,u- |
j i- |
|||||||
| Trill | ʀ hr |
||||||||
| Flap or tap | ɾ l,-r |
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| Lateral app. | l l |
ʎ lh |
These with * are rare.
Vowels
| Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i y i ü |
ɨ ui,î |
ɯ u û u | ||
| Mid-open | e ø e,ä ö |
ɐ a,â,e,ë |
ʌ o ô o | ||
| Open | ä a |
There are two ways distinction by vowel length.
Phonotactics
± phonotactics *development - C
- k
- t
- lh
- sr
- nr
- V
- a:allophone;â
- á:allophones;ae;ai;oa
- e
- é:allophones;ei;é;ea
- i
- î
- í
- o
- ö:allophones;eu;oi
- ó:allophone;ou
- u
- ü
- ú:allophones;;ue;ua;uo
- C
- nn
- h
- tz
- cz
- t
- ns
- −vowel length lk
- −vowel length ks
- sk
Morphemes
± It is applied inter parts of speech - s-
- n-
- a-
- -a
- -e
- -s
- -as
- -es
- -n
- -en
- -ns
- -ens
- -r
- -l
- -t
- -d
- -ls
- -ts
- -ds
- -er
- -el
- -et
- -at
- -ad
- -els
- -ets
- -ats
- -ads
- -nd
- -nt
- -nds
- -nts
===Declension===
| noun root | word | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| the agent of a transitive verb | the subject/locative of an intransitive verb | the direct/indirect object of a verb | possessive form | plural form | plural possessive form | ||
| uac/ʋɐk/ | sac/sɐk/ | nac/nɐk/ | uac/ʋɐk/[ʔɐk] | ács/ʔäks/ | sácen,nácen,ácen/ʔäːgen/ | ácens/ʔäːgens/ | I |
| uue/ʋyː/ | sü/syː/ | nü/nyː/ | uü/ʋyː/[ʔyː] | uües/ʋyːs/[ʔyːs] | süen,nüen,ʋüen/ʋyːen/ | uüens/ʔyːens/ | You |
| hia/ɦiä/ | íasaé/ɦiänsäe/ | íanaé/ɦiänäe/ | hhia/ɦiä/ | ías/ɦiäs/ | sian,nian,ían/ɦiän/ | íans/ɦiäns/ | They (singular) |
| hae/ʋae/ | aesaé/ʔaesäe/ | aenaé/ʔaenäe/ | àe/ʔae/ | àes/ʔais/ | saen,naen,àen/ʔain/ | àens/ʔaens/ | Thing |
===Conjugation===
| verb root | indicative form | subjunctive form | connective form | noun-like form | word | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present/habitual | the motion is futural | -ing, /if | the motion is incomplete | the motion is completed | ||
| sel/sel/ | ser/sel/,[seɾ] | seat/seɦät/ | sád/säːt/ | selínda/selindɐ/ | selínt/selint/ | be |
| bal/bäl/ | bar/bäl/,[bäɾ] | baat/päɦät/ | bád/päːt/ | balínda/pälindɐ/[bäˈindɐ] | balínt/pälint/[bäˈint] | have |
| tel/tel/ | ter/tel/,[teɾ] | teat/teɦät/ | tád/täːt/ | telínda/telindɐ/[teˈindɐ] | telínt/telint/[teˈint] | hang,raise |
===Lexicon===
± reading basis /visual basis *development - I: kkac /uac
- you (singular): kküe /uue
- he: hhonn /han
- we: kkácen /nacen
- you (plural): kküeen /nuen
- they: hhia /hia
- this : torce /toc,hia,dui
- that: kkáe /hae
- here: tocma /tcm
- there: àema /aem
- who: hhia,lhia /lia
- what: kva /kva
- where: kvime /kvm
- when: kvatzuí /kvn
- how: kvamuí /kvi
- not: né /nei
- all: àen /aen
- many: àens /aens
- some: de àen /duiaen
- few: làes /leas
- other: né daes /neidae
- one: éna,ená,ésa,esá /ena,esa
- two: tzue /dva
- three: mal /mal
- four: cut /cut
- five: unal /hal
- big: lhens /ae
- long: naelhens /uncertain
- wide: daesbala /uncertain
- thick: bala /uncertain
- heavy: né fie /neifias
- small: uncertain /tis
- short: kul /uncertain
- narrow: tis /tsm
- thin: kadtis /uncertain
- woman: lhúa /lua
- man (adult male): lhúa /lua
- man (human being): hhan/lhúo /luo
- child: uncertain /tisluo
- wife: uncertain /mama dae kús
- husband: uncertain /tata dae kús
- mother: máma /mam
- father: táta /tat
- animal: this /uncertain
- fish: uncertain /fsk
- bird: tofie /tfl
- dog: cúon /chn
- louse: uncertain /lus
- snake: uncertain /lam
- worm: hhom /orm
- tree: uncertain /bim
- forest: uncertain /bsk
- stick: baunel /uncertain
- fruit: fam /flm
- seed: fam /uncertain
- leaf: hhüo /lif
- root: lád /lad
- bark (of a tree): uncertain /bim dui iunclish bark
- flower: uncertain /lili
- grass: ladlili /uncertain
- rope: sinn /uncertain
- skin: bäl /uncertain
- meat: salk /slk
- blood: salk /uncertain
- bone: lám /uncertain
- fat (noun): bét /fat
- egg: ais /uncertain
- horn: kol /krn
- tail: lámen /lam
- feather: fie /fli
- hair: tetr /khr
- head: uncertain /cab
- ear: olhen /orh
- eye: ain /oin
- nose: nes /nez
- mouth: uncertain /lif
- tooth: tzann /fnc
- tongue (organ): tzann /zau
- fingernail: tzann /fau
- foot: uncertain /bam
- leg: uncertain /bam
- knee: baim /uncertain
- hand: tec /tek
- wing: fiem /fli
- belly: mac /uncertain
- guts: mac /uncertain
- neck: nec /uncertain
- back: tzüc /ruc
- breast: bec /fec
- heart: kel /kor
- liver: kel /uncertain
- to drink: sifel /drk
- to eat: nem /nhm
- to bite: tzaunel /tnf
- to suck: sifel /uncertain
- to spit: nemel /uncertain
- to vomit: tue dae nems /uncertain
- to blow: bolel /uncertain
- to breathe: nesel /uncertain
- to laugh: hrak /rch
- to see: vis /ver
- to hear: sanhel /oir
- to know: can /cna
- to think: canel /dik
- to smell: nesel /uncertain
- to fear: bai /uncertain
- to sleep: bei /slf
- to live: súmel /uncertain
- to die: né súmel /uncertain
- to kill: sral /uncertain
- to fight: sral /uncertain
- to hunt: sral /uncertain
- to hit: láb /lfn
- to cut: kul /uncertain
- to split: tuinde kut,tua tzues /dval
- to stab: binn /uncertain
- to scratch: skilel /uncertain
- to dig: binn /nem
- to swim: uncertain /svi
- to fly: uncertain /fei
- to walk: salkel /uncertain
- to come: hhim /clm
- to lie (as in a bed): lob /uncertain
- to sit: sidel /set
- to stand: hrec /tnd
- to turn (intransitive): silkel /uncertain
- to fall: feiel /fei
- to give: túe /tue
- to hold: hrantel /uncertain
- to squeeze: tzecal /uncertain
- to rub: vask /uncertain
- to wash: vask /uncertain
- to wipe: vaskel /vsk
- to pull: tec /uncertain
- to push: tec,ffon /uncertain
- to throw: tue toc náe /uncertain
- to tie: ticel /bnd
- to sew: ffinticel /uncertain
- to count: teltzif /uncertain
- to say: srua /seu
- to sing: séunel /seu
- to play: bil /sfl
- to float: lom /flt
- to flow: ae /flt
- to freeze: íelel /iel
- to swell: rcol /uncertain
- sun: hrá /uncertain
- moon: daehrá /mun
- star: lucz /trl
- water: súm /sumi
- rain: lein /rcn
- river: léne /len
- lake: léne /len
- sea: léneen /len
- salt: sala /slt
- stone: shè /stn
- sand: sahr /snd
- dust: hroma /uncertain
- earth: thi /nulmaf
- cloud: küt /sku
- fog: küt /foc
- sky: séo /sulmaf
- wind: fendas /vnd
- snow: nívas /snu
- ice: íelen /ais
- smoke: féu /feo
- fire: féu /feo
- ash: daeféu /uncertain
- to burn: tocféu tue /feol
- road: vei /vec
- mountain: uncertain /mon
- red: hrot /rod
- green: léu /crn
- yellow: col /clb
- white: hrát /vit
- black: dal /blc
- night: dal /nkt
- day: dis /dac
- year: iálen /zuames
- warm: nôk /vrm
- cold: íels /chl
- full: buk /ful
- new: bil /uncertain
- old: né bil /uncertain
- good: hhim /bim
- bad: né hhim /uncertain
- rotten: tocel nae /uncertain
- dirty: mud /uncertain
- straight: bim /uncertain
- round: kadbal /uncertain
- sharp (as a knife): dis /uncertain
- dull (as a knife): dos /uncertain
- smooth: dilel /uncertain
- wet: súmmuí /vods
- dry: sekal /sek
- correct: bim /uncertain
- near: tocmas /uncertain
- far: naemas /uncertain
- right: hris /rec
- left: chol /lic
- at: tzúi /zui,tui
- in: lhea /ins
- with: múi /mui
- and: e,elk /elk
- if: o,sôm /som
- because: fúi /kar
- name: námel /nam