Kämpya

Kämpya is spoken is my far-future Antarctican conworld, where runaway global warming has melted the icecaps and made the continent habitable (while rendering most of the rest of the world uninhabitable).

It originated from the area around Ross Island, one of the first large-scale colonies on Antarctica. The founders of the settlement were a mostly either Burmese, Australian or Taiwanese, and as such Kämpya is most heavily influenced by the languages of those countries (especially Burmese). However, a later wave of Spanish speaking migrants from South America also had a large impact on the language.

It has since spread to other parts of the continent, aided by the spread of a religion called Laikyâr (although far from all Kämpya speakers follow the Laikyâr religion). Indeed there is a special register of the language that is only used in religious contexts. There are also a number of regional dialects. However, this page describes what could be termed the "standard" dialect.

Brief Description

Kämpya has topic comment syntax with isolating morphology. It belongs to category 4 in Milewski's typology [1] i.e. it uses the same marker (the clitic -i) to mark both possessors and ergative subjects. Possessors are marked for alienability [2] using tone, and come before the nouns they modify. Kämpya (at least in the standard dialect) uses postpositions rather than prepositions, and adjectives can come either before or after the nouns they modify if they are restrictive or non-restrictive respectively [3].

In terms of phonology, the most notable thing is a 3-way phonation contrast on stressed syllables (which is not present on unstressed syllables). Kämpya distinguishes words with harsh voice (marked with a tilde e.g. /a̰/), from breathy voice (marked with a pair of dots either above or below the vowel e.g. /a̤/ or /ä/), from glottalisation (marked with a glottal stop after the vowel e.g. /aʔ/.

There are many minimal pairs of words that only contrast stress and phonation e.g. /síˈtâ̰/ - "wing" vs. /ˈsíʔtà/ - "guardian" vs. /ˈsì̤tà/ - "sister", or /áˈlôṵn/ - "that which is alone" vs. /áˈlòṳn/ - "everything / everyone".

In addition to this, there is also a tone contrast, but this is only used for grammatical purposes (e.g. to change between different parts of speech, or to mark alienable / inalienable possession), never for lexical purposes. For example, from the nouns /síˈtâ̰/ - "wing" and /áˈlôṵn/ - "that which is alone", which both have High Tone on the first syllable and Low Tone on the second (with harsh voice), we can derive the non-restrictive adjectives /sìˈtá̰/ - "wing" and /àˈlóṵn/ - "by itself / solitary", which both have Low Tone on the first syllable and High Tone on the second (with harsh voice).

It is usually written using a script based on the Burmese alphabet.

Phonology

Vowels

The vowel system is quite simple, with 5 monophthongs and 4 diphthongs.

Monophthongs

	Front	Central	Back
High	/i/		/u/
Mid	/e/		/o/
Low		/a/

Diphthongs

The following diphthongs are found /ai/, /au/, /ei/ and /ou/.

Consonants

	Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Lateral	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Stop	pʰ p b		tʰ t d			kʰ k g
Nasal	m̥ m		n̥ n			ŋ
Fricative		θ ð	sʰ s z	ɬ			h
Semivowel	w				j
Other Sonorants	ⱱ~ʋ		ɾ	l

1. /b/, /d/ and /g/ are often pronounced as slightly implosive.
2. /ɬ/ corresponds to Burmese */l̥/, and English */sl/.
3. [ⱱ] and [ʋ] are in free variation.

Phonotactics

In the standard dialect, only syllables of the form (C) (C) V (C) are permitted.

Initial consonant clusters can consist of any non-semivowel consonant followed by /w/ or /j/, except that /ŋj/ syllable onsets are forbidden.

In writing and formal speech, syllables can also begin with /pʰl/, /pl/, /bl/, /kʰl/, /kl/ and /gl/ (i.e. any non-alveolar stop + /l/). But outside formal speech, the /l/ is usually replaced with /j/.

In unstressed syllables, the coda consonant can only be a stop or a nasal.

In stressed syllables, codas can also be /ⱱ/, /ɾ/ or /h/, as long as the vowel is a monophthong and not a diphthong.

Consonant Neutralisations

Voicing and aspiration distinctions are neutralised in syllable codas, though they are still present underlyingly e.g. /sjúˈðâ̰d/ - "city" is pronounced [sjúˈðâ̰t], but when combined with the genitive clitic /i/ to form /sjúˈðâ̰dì/ - "of the city (alienable)", it is pronounced [sjúˈðâ̰dì].

In colloquial speech, stops in the codas of unstressed syllables are debuccalised to glottal stops e.g. the city named /ˈkʰóʔnàt/ is often pronounced [ˈkʰóʔnàʔ].

If a nasal coda occurs before /h/, an approximant, or at the end of a word, it is simply pronounced as nasalisation of the preceding vowel e.g. /áˈtâṵŋ/ - "feather" is pronounced [áˈtâṵⁿ]. But likewise it is still present underlyingly, as can be seen when combined with the genitive clitic /i/ to form /áˈtâṵŋì/ - "of the feather (alienable)", which is pronounced [aˈtâːuŋi].

Stress and Phonation

One syllable in each word bears stress. Vowel phonation is phonemic on stressed syllables but not elsewhere. The phonations are harsh <â> [4], breathy <ä> [5], and glottalised <á>. Harsh and breathy vowels are pronounced long, glottalised vowels are pronounced short, and with glottalisation of the following consonant (or with a glottal stop [ʔ] in the case of word final syllables).

Allophones of /h/

Between two vowels, /h/ is voiced to [ɦ] e.g. /máháˈkáʔp/ - "eternity" is pronounced /máɦáˈkáʔp/

/h/ can occur in the coda of stressed syllables. It's realisation depends on the phonation of the previous vowel, but is always pharyngeal.

If the stressed vowel has breathy phonation, the /h/ manifests itself as a pharyngeal fricative [ħ] e.g. /à̤h/ - "question" is pronounced [à̤ħ]. Compare /ŋà̤/ - "fish" which is pronounced [ŋà̤].

If the stressed vowel has glottalised phonation, the /h/ manifests itself as a pharyngeal stop [ʡ] e.g. /dáʔh/ - "darkness" is pronounced [dáʡ]. Compare /táʔ/ - "a wish" (in a nostalgic context) which is pronounced with a glottal stop [táʔ].

/h/ never occurs after vowels with harsh phonation.

Of course, if a process such a cliticisation (e.g. with the genitive clitic /i/) means that the /h/ is no longer in coda position, then these process do not occur e.g.

/à̤h ì/ - "of the question (alienable)" is pronounced [ˈà̤ɦì].

/dáʔh ì/ - "of the darkness (alienable)" is pronounced [ˈdaʔhì].

Also, if a coda [ʡ] (i.e. /h/ after a glottalised stressed vowel) is followed by a consonant that can be aspirated (i.e. /p/, /t/, /k/, or /s/), there is a tendency to manifest this as aspiration on the consonant instead e.g.

/ˈbóhsòut/ - "bauxite", can be pronounced either [ˈbóʡsòut] or [ˈbósʰòut].

Tone Patterns

There are 4 phonemic tones: High á, Falling â, Low à and Rising ǎ. While it may seem that the pitch of each syllable is random, actually it is not. It changes regularly depending on how the word is being used in a sentence (e.g. restrictive vs. non-restrictive, alienable vs. inalienable possessor etc.), in conjuction with the phonation on the syllable (for stressed syllables) or the location of the syllable relative to the stressed syllable (for unstressed syllables).

In terms of assigning tone, there are three parts of speech:

Class 1 This is the default, catch-all class. It is used for most nouns and verbs.

Class 2 This is used for inalienable possessors, nouns used attributively, restrictive adjectives, and verbs used in compounds.

Class 3 This is used for adverbs and non-restrictive adjectives.

Stressed Syllables

This table shows how the tone of a stressed syllable (for each of the three phonations) depends on the tone class.

	Harsh Phonation a̰	Breathy Phonation a̤	Glottalised Phonation aʔ
Class 1	(High) Falling Pitch + Harsh Voice	Low Pitch + Breathy Voice	High Pitch + Glottal Stop
Class 2	Low Pitch + Harsh Voice	Low Pitch + Breathy Voice	Low Pitch + Glottal Stop
Class 3	High Pitch + Tense Voice	Rising Pitch + Faucalised Voice	High Pitch + Glottal Stop

Unstressed Syllables

Here the situation is simpler. For unstressed syllables, the tone can only be high or low, and does not depend on the phonation of the stressed syllable.

For Class 1 words, the tone is high before the stressed syllable, and low after it.

For Class 2 words, unstressed syllables always have high tone.

For Class 3 words, unstressed syllables always have low tone.

Examples

Here is a table with examples of how roots change classes depending on what part of speech they belong to:

English Translation	Class 1	Class 2	Class 3
Kämpya	ˈkà̤mpjà	ˈkà̤mpjá	ˈkǎ̤mpjà
wing	síˈtâ̰	síˈtà̰	sìˈtá̰
guardian	áinˈsíʔtà	ˈsìʔtá	ˈsíʔtà
sister	ˈsì̤tà	ˈsì̤tá	ˈsǐ̤tà
alone	áˈlôṵn	áˈlòṵn	àˈlóṵn
alone + Genitive / Ergative clitic /i/	áˈlôṵnì	áˈlòṵní	àˈlóṵnì
all	áˈlòṳn	áˈlòṳn	àˈlǒṳn
all + Genitive / Ergative clitic /i/	áˈlòṳnì	áˈlòṳní	àˈlǒṳnì

Syntax

Kämpya has topic comment syntax [6], and is also syntactically ergative [7] and secundative [8].

Copula

With Pronouns

Kämpya only has a verb meaning "to be" if the subject is a pronoun. It is marked for 4 TAM categories (and is the only verb in the language to do so). These are Present Progressive (used for actions that are happening right now), Past Imperfect (also used for present habitual actions, or that are true in general), Perfect, and Future.

This verb is not marked for number, but takes different forms for 1st person subjects depending on whether the listener is included [9]. Another way of looking at this is that Kämpya makes no distinction between "us not including you" and "me".

In each case, there is a different form of the word depending on whether they are immediately followed by a word beginning with a vowel. There is also an "emphatic" form, which is used to emphasise the subject. The emphatic form does not depend on whether the following word starts with a vowel or not. Each form is listed below, with the normal form listed first, the form before a vowel second, and the emphatic form last:

	1st Person Exclusive	1st Person Inclusive	2nd Person
Present Progressive	áim / ámj- / òṵm	wé / wézw- / wḛ̀	jó / józw- / jò̰
Past Imperfect	áu / ój- / ò̰ji	wéi / wéj- / wèḭ	jéi / jéw- / jèḭ
Perfect	áb / ábw- / ò̰b	wíb / wíbw- / wḭ̀b	jéb / jébw- / jṵ̀ⱱ
Future	óu / ál- / òṵ	wú / wúl- / wṵ̀	jú / júl- / jṵ̀

As you can see above, the emphatic forms all have Low Tone with Harsh Phonation (i.e. belong to Tone Class 2), while all the other forms have High Tone with no phonation (i.e. modal phonation).

Here are some example sentences:

/jó ˈsíʔtà/ phonetically [jóˈsíʔtà]

2PS.PROG guardian

You are the guardian(s) (right now).

/jéi ˈsíʔtà/ phonetically [jéiˈsíʔtà]

2PS.PST guardian

You are / were the guardian(s).

/jò̰ ˈsíʔtà/ phonetically [jò̰ ˈsíʔtà]

2PS.PROG.EMP guardian

You are the guardian(s).

/józw ˈḛ̂nèmì/ phonetically [jóˈzwḛ̂nèmì]

2PS.PROG enemy

You're the enemy (right now).

/jò̰ ˈḛ̂nèmì/ phonetically [jò̰ ˈḛ̂nèmì]

2PS.PROG.EMP enemy

You are the enemy (right now).

Other Cases

In other cases where English would use the word "to be", Kämpya does not use a copula [10] and simply places the two words together e.g.