Glommish/Middle

Phonology

Consonants

• p b f v
• t d þ ð
• č dž š
• k g h
• s z
• m n l r j
• ь

Vowels

a ā e ē i ī o ō ö ȫ u ū ü ǖ ы io iu ə

In unstressed syllables: a ə i vs ia iə i

Nouns

Strong vocalic declensions

The -a declension

This declension has as counterparts the second declension (us/um) of Latin, and the omicron declension (os/on) of Greek. It contains masculine and neuter nouns.

	dag; daga day m.				čind; činda child n.
	Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural
Nominative	þer dag	–	þī daga	–a	þet čind	–	þija činda	–a
Accusative	þina dag	–	þīr dagar	–ar	þet čind	–	þija činda	–a
Genitive	þes dages	–es	þiera daga	–a	þes čindes	–es	þiera činda	–a
Dative	þimmy dagy	–y	þȳm dagym	–ym	þimmy čindy	–y	þȳm čindym	–ym
Instrumental	þina daga	–a	--	--	þina činda	–a	--	--

Examples of masculine nouns declined like dag "day": bierg "mountain", vieg "way", gȳst "spirit", kuning "king".

The -ja declension

This declension was really just the -a declension with a j immediately preceding. However, due to various sound laws, a new declension subcategory has arisen that does not exactly follow the form of the plain -a declension. Similar developments occurred in Greek and the Slavic languages, among others.

This declension has as counterparts the second declension nouns in (-ius/-ium) of Latin. The counterparts in Greek are some second declension nouns in (-ios/-ion), as well as many that show effects of palatalization (e.g., -zdos < *-gyos or *-dyos; -llos < *-lyos; -ptos < -*pyos; -ssos or -ttos < -*tyos; -airos/-eiros/-oiros < *-aryos/-eryos/-oryos; -ainos/-einos/-oinos < *-anyos/enyos/onyos; etc., and similarly for neuter nouns in -ion or *-yon). It contains masculine and neuter nouns.

	hirdь; hirdia herdsman, shephard m.
	Singular		Plural
Nominative	þer hirdь	–ь	þī hirdia	–ia
Accusative	þina hirdь	–ь	þīr hirdiar	–iar
Genitive	þes hirdis	–is	þiera hirdia	–ia
Dative	þimmy hirdi	–i	þȳm hirdim	–im
Instrumental	hirdia	–ia	--	--

Sample nouns like hirdь: agent nouns in -arь (-aria), e.g. vahtarь (-aria) "watchman", lyrarь "teacher", andь "end", rīč "kingdom", badь "bed", getunž "language", þiūstarnys "darkness", herь "army" (genitive singular heries, dative singular heri).

The -wa declension

	snȳw, snȳ; snȳwa snow m.				kneo; kneo knee n.
	Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural
Nominative	snȳw, snȳ	–	snȳwa	–wa	kneo	–o, –	kneo	–o, –
Genitive	snȳwys	–wys	snȳwa	–wa	knewys	–wys	knewa	–wa
Dative	snȳwy	–wy	snewym	–ym	knewy	–wy	knewym	–ym

The -ō declension

This declension counterparts the first declension (a) of Latin, and the alpha declension (a/as) of Greek. It contains feminine nouns.

	džāva; džāvar gift f.
	Singular		Plural
Nominative	þī džāva	–a	þijar džāvar	–ar
Accusative	þija džāva	–a	þijar džāvar	–ar
Genitive	þierar džāvar	–ar	þiera džāva	–a
Dative	þieraj džāvaj	–aj	þȳm džāvam	–am

Sample nouns of this declension: džāva "gift", jerþa "earth", ȳra "honor", tala "number", triwa "fidelity", korunga "temptation", hardiþa "hardness", mildiþa "compassion", ganāþa "favor", losiunga "deliverance", stunda "time".

Adjectives

Weak declension adjectives

case	singular	plural
nom.	þar mōra bierg þī mōra džāva	þī mōran bierga þijar mōran džāvar
acc.	þana mōran bierg þija mōran džāva	þīr mōran biergar þijar mōran džāvar
dat.	þammy mōrinь biergy þieraj mōranь džāvaj	þym mōrem biergym þȳm mōram džāvam
gen.	þas mōrinь bierges þierar mōranь džāvar	þiera mōran bierga þiera mōran džāva

Strong declension adjectives

case	singular	plural
nom.	mōrer bierg mōra džāva	mōra bierga mōrar džāvar
acc.	mōren bierg mōra džāva	mōrar biergar mōrar džāvar
dat.	mōremmy biergy mōryraj džāvaj	mōrym biergym mōrym džāvam
gen.	mōres bierges mōryrar džāvar	mōryra bierga mōryra džāva

Verbs

Class 1 weak verbs

hȳlian 'to heal'

tense	ik	þū	er/sī/et	wīr	jūr	sia
present indicative	hȳlia	hȳlir	hȳliþь	hȳlim	hȳliþ	hȳlindь
present subjunctive	hȳlia	hȳlis	hȳli	hȳlim	hȳliþ	hȳlin
past indicative	hȳlida	hȳlider	hȳlide	hȳlidem	hȳlided	hȳliden
past subjunctive	hȳlidi	hȳlidir	hȳlidi	hȳlidim	hȳlidid	hȳlidin
imperative	-	hȳli!	-	-	hȳliþ!	-
present participle	hȳlind
past participle	hȳlid

Class 2 weak verbs

liovan 'to love'

tense	ik	þū	er/sī/et	wīr	jūr	sia
present indicative	liova	liovar	liovaþь	liovam	liovaþ	liovandь
present subjunctive	liova	liovas	liova	liovam	liovaþ	liovan
past indicative	liovada	liovader	liovade	liovadem	liovaded	liovaden
past subjunctive	liovadi	liovadir	liovadi	liovadim	liovadid	liovadin
imperative	-	liova!	-	-	liovaþ!	-
present participle	liovand
past participle	liovad

Class 3 weak verbs

sparin 'to spare'

tense	ik	þū	er/sī/et	wīr	jūr	sia
present indicative	havia		hȳliþь	hȳlim	hȳliþ	hȳlindь
present subjunctive	hȳlia	hȳlis	hȳli	hȳlim	hȳliþ	hȳlin
past indicative	hȳlida	hȳlider	hȳlide	hȳlidem	hȳlided	hȳliden
past subjunctive	hȳlidi	hȳlidir	hȳlidi	hȳlidim	hȳlidid	hȳlidin
imperative	-	hȳli!	-	-	hȳliþ!	-
present participle	hȳlind
past participle	hȳlid

Strong verbs

wrītyn 'to write'

tense	ik	þū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	ija
present indicative	wrīta	wrītirь	wrītidь	wrītym	wrītid	wrītyndь
present subjunctive	wrīta	wrītyr	wrīty	wrītym	wrītyd	wrītyn
past indicative	wrȳt	wrȳst	wrȳt	writym	writyd	writyn
past subjunctive	writi	writir	writi	writim	writid	writin
imperative	-	wrīt!	-	-	wrītyd!	-
present participle	wrītynd
past participle	writyn

čeusyn 'to choose'

tense	ik	þū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	ija
present indicative	čeusa	čiusir	čiusiþь	čeusym	čiusid	čeusyndь
present subjunctive	čeusa	čeusyr	čeusy	čeusym	čeusyd	čeusyn
past	kaus	kaust	kaus	kurym	kuryd	kuryn
past subjunctive	kuri	kurir	kuri	kurim	kurid	kurin
imperative	-	čiusь!	-	-	čiusid!	-
present participle	čeusynd
past participle	kuryn

bindyn 'to bind'

tense	ik	þū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	ija
present indicative	binda	bindirь	bindiþь	bindym	bindid	bindyndь
present subjunctive	binda	bindyr	bindy	bindym	bindyd	bindyn
past	band	banst	band	bundym	bundyd	bundyn
past subjunctive	bundi	bundir	bundi	bundim	bundid	bundin
imperative	-	bind!	-	-	bindid!	-
present participle	bindynd
past participle	bundyn

Syntax

Unlike Modern Thedish, Middle Thedish syntax was almost exactly like German: V2 in independent clauses, verb-final in dependent clauses.