Glommish/Middle

Phonology

Consonants

• p b f v
• t d þ ð
• č dž š
• k g h
• s z
• m n l r j
• ь

Vowels

a ā e ē i ī o ō ö ȫ u ū ü ǖ ы io iu ə

In unstressed syllables: a ə i vs ia iə i

Nouns

Strong vocalic declensions

The -a declension

This declension has as counterparts the second declension (us/um) of Latin, and the omicron declension (os/on) of Greek. It contains masculine and neuter nouns.

	dag; daga day m.				čind; činda child n.
	Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural
Nominative	þer dag	–	þī daga	–a	þet čind	–	þija činda	–a
Accusative	þina dag	–	þīr dagar	–ar	þet čind	–	þija činda	–a
Genitive	þes dages	–es	þiera daga	–a	þes čindes	–es	þiera činda	–a
Dative	þimmy dagy	–y	þȳm dagym	–ym	þimmy čindy	–y	þȳm čindym	–ym
Instrumental	þina daga	–a	--	--	þina činda	–a	--	--

Examples of masculine nouns declined like dag "day": bierg "mountain", vieg "way", gȳst "spirit", kuning "king".

The -ja declension

This declension was really just the -a declension with a j immediately preceding. However, due to various sound laws, a new declension subcategory has arisen that does not exactly follow the form of the plain -a declension. Similar developments occurred in Greek and the Slavic languages, among others.

This declension has as counterparts the second declension nouns in (-ius/-ium) of Latin. The counterparts in Greek are some second declension nouns in (-ios/-ion), as well as many that show effects of palatalization (e.g., -zdos < *-gyos or *-dyos; -llos < *-lyos; -ptos < -*pyos; -ssos or -ttos < -*tyos; -airos/-eiros/-oiros < *-aryos/-eryos/-oryos; -ainos/-einos/-oinos < *-anyos/enyos/onyos; etc., and similarly for neuter nouns in -ion or *-yon). It contains masculine and neuter nouns.

	hirdь; hirdia herdsman, shephard m.
	Singular		Plural
Nominative	þer hirdь	–ь	þī hirdia	–ia
Accusative	þina hirdь	–ь	þīr hirdiar	–iar
Genitive	þes hirdis	–is	þiera hirdia	–ia
Dative	þimmy hirdi	–i	þȳm hirdim	–im
Instrumental	hirdia	–ia	--	--

Sample nouns like hirdь: agent nouns in -arь (-aria), e.g. vahtarь (-aria) "watchman", lyrarь "teacher", andь "end", rīč "kingdom", badь "bed", getunž "language", þiūstarnys "darkness", herь "army" (genitive singular heries, dative singular heri).

The -wa declension

	snȳw, snȳ; snȳwa snow m.				kneo; kneo knee n.
	Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural
Nominative	snȳw, snȳ	–	snȳwa	–wa	kneo	–o, –	kneo	–o, –
Genitive	snȳwys	–wys	snȳwa	–wa	knewys	–wys	knewa	–wa
Dative	snȳwy	–wy	snewym	–ym	knewy	–wy	knewym	–ym

The -ō declension

This declension counterparts the first declension (a) of Latin, and the alpha declension (a/as) of Greek. It contains feminine nouns.

	džāva; džāvar gift f.
	Singular		Plural
Nominative	þī džāva	–a	þijar džāvar	–ar
Accusative	þija džāva	–a	þijar džāvar	–ar
Genitive	þierar džāvar	–ar	þiera džāva	–a
Dative	þieraj džāvaj	–aj	þȳm džāvam	–am

Sample nouns of this declension: džāva "gift", jerþa "earth", ȳra "honor", tala "number", triwa "fidelity", korunga "temptation", hardiþa "hardness", mildiþa "compassion", ganāþa "favor", losiunga "deliverance", stunda "time".

Adjectives

Declension of attributive adjectives

case	singular	plural
nom.	þar mōra bierg þī mōra džāva	þī mōran bierga þijar mōran džāvar
acc.	þana mōran bierg þija mōran džāva	þīr mōran biergar þijar mōran džāvar
dat.	þammy mōrinь biergy þieraj mōranь džāvaj	þym mōrem biergym þȳm mōram džāvam
gen.	þas mōrinь bierges þierar mōranь džāvar	} Verbs Class 1 weak verbs hȳlian 'to heal' tense ik þū er/sī/et wīr jūr sia present indicative hȳlia hȳlir hȳliþь hȳlim hȳliþ hȳlindь present subjunctive hȳlia hȳlis hȳli hȳlim hȳliþ hȳlin past indicative hȳlida hȳlider hȳlide hȳlidem hȳlided hȳliden past subjunctive hȳlidi hȳlidir hȳlidi hȳlidim hȳlidid hȳlidin imperative - hȳli! - - hȳliþ! - present participle hȳlind past participle hȳlid Class 2 weak verbs liovan 'to love' tense ik þū er/sī/et wīr jūr sia present indicative liova liovar liovaþь liovam liovaþ liovandь present subjunctive liova liovas liova liovam liovaþ liovan past indicative liovada liovader liovade liovadem liovaded liovaden past subjunctive liovadi liovadir liovadi liovadim liovadid liovadin imperative - liova! - - liovaþ! - present participle liovand past participle liovad Class 3 weak verbs sparin 'to spare' tense ik þū er/sī/et wīr jūr sia present indicative havia hȳliþь hȳlim hȳliþ hȳlindь present subjunctive hȳlia hȳlis hȳli hȳlim hȳliþ hȳlin past indicative hȳlida hȳlider hȳlide hȳlidem hȳlided hȳliden past subjunctive hȳlidi hȳlidir hȳlidi hȳlidim hȳlidid hȳlidin imperative - hȳli! - - hȳliþ! - present participle hȳlind past participle hȳlid Strong verbs wrītyn 'to write' tense ik þū ir/sī/it wīr jūr ija present indicative wrīta wrītirь wrītidь wrītym wrītid wrītyndь present subjunctive wrīta wrītyr wrīty wrītym wrītyd wrītyn past indicative wrȳt wrȳst wrȳt writym writyd writyn past subjunctive writi writir writi writim writid writin imperative - wrīt! - - wrītyd! - present participle wrītynd past participle writyn čeusyn 'to choose' tense ik þū ir/sī/it wīr jūr ija present indicative čeusa čiusir čiusiþь čeusym čiusid čeusyndь present subjunctive čeusa čeusyr čeusy čeusym čeusyd čeusyn past kaus kaust kaus kurym kuryd kuryn past subjunctive kuri kurir kuri kurim kurid kurin imperative - čiusь! - - čiusid! - present participle čeusynd past participle kuryn bindyn 'to bind' tense ik þū ir/sī/it wīr jūr ija present indicative binda bindirь bindiþь bindym bindid bindyndь present subjunctive binda bindyr bindy bindym bindyd bindyn past band banst band bundym bundyd bundyn past subjunctive bundi bundir bundi bundim bundid bundin imperative - bind! - - bindid! - present participle bindynd past participle bundyn Syntax Unlike Modern Thedish, Middle Thedish syntax was almost exactly like German: V2 in independent clauses, verb-final in dependent clauses.