Verse:Irta/Judeo-Mandarin

In the Lõis timeline, Yudach or Judeo-Gaelic (natively: אניודאַך an-Yudach /ən 'judəx/ or אגאַלג'־יודאַך a-Ghalj-Yudach /ə ɣaldʒ judəx/) is the sole surviving Goidelic language. With over 10 million speakers, it is the main vernacular of the Jewish diaspora in Central and East Asia. It mainly borrows words from Hebrew, but also from English, French and Welsh.

Phonology

• Consonants: b c ch č d f g gh j h l ł m n p r s š t th tz v y z /b k x tʃ d f g ɣ dʒ h l w m n p r s ʃ h ts j v z/.
• Lenitions: Note that d m are NOT lenitable.
  • b /b/ > bh /v/
  • f /f/ > fh /0/
  • g /g/ > gh /ɣ/
  • c /k/ > ch /x/
  • č /tʃ/ > čh /ʃ/
  • p /p/ > ph /f/
  • s /s/ > sh /h/
  • t /t/ > th /h/
  • tz /ts/ > tzh /h/
  • j /dʒ/ > jh /j/
• ts z č j l arise from slender t d c g l.
• Vowels: a e i o u /a e i o u/, vowel reduction to /ə/ common. Vowel clusters exist.
• Stress is transcribed if not initial

Grammar

Verbs

Only the verbal noun and the imperative survive:

תּאָם אַ ל'אַסאַג נרות חנוכּה.

Tom a łasagh neroth hanuca.

/to me ə 'wasəɣ 'nerəh 'hanukə/

be.PRES 1SG PRES to_light.VN candle-PL Hanukkah

I'm lighting Hanukkah candles. (or I light Hanukkah candles)

נאָהּ כתיבה'ב דאָ אות זע שבת!

Noh cathíbhabh do oth ze Šabath!

PROH write-IMP.PL two character on_day Shabbat

Don't write two letters on Shabbat!

Tenses

Tenses are basically (pres, past/conditional, fut) x (imperfective, perfective).

• to e ag ith = he eats; he is eating
  • bhil e... = does he...?
  • chal e... = he does not...
  • nachil e... = doesn't he...?/that he does not
  • gu bhil e... = COMP he...
  • a to e... = REL he...
• to e triš ith = he ate/has eaten
• bei e ag ith = he will eat
  • bei e... = will he...?
  • cha bhei e... = he will not...
  • nach bhei e... = won't he...?
  • a bhi e... = REL he will...
• bha e ag ith = he was eating/he would eat
  • rebh e... = was he...?/would he?
  • cha rebh e... = he was not.../he would not...
  • nach rebh e... = was he not...?/would he not...?
• ith! = Eat! (2sg)
• ithebh! = Eat! (2pl)
• noh ith(ebh)! = Don't eat!

Conjugation

• to, bhil, chal, and nachil are conjugated as follows:
  • tom, tor, to še/ši, toj, tothi, to šiad
  • bhilim, bhilir, bhil še/ši, bhilij, bhilthi, bhil šiad
• bha, rebh: bhas, bhaš, bha še/ši, bhimar, bhyur, bha šiad
• bei: beim, beir, bei še/ši, beij, beithi, bei šiad

Nouns

Yudach has no grammatical case.

Plurals are more regular, marked with mostly -n/-an or -i, or less commonly umlaut of a o u to e e i.

Nouns in -a are usually pluralized with -i: madra 'a dog', madri 'dogs'.

Hebrew words have the same gender as in Hebrew. Hebrew words often use unstressed -im /im/ or -oth /əh/ but native Celtic words may use them too and not all Hebrew words use the Hebrew plural.

Masculine nouns: Nouns beginning with a vowel take ant-, before a labial am-, otherwise an

• ant-išče = the water
• am-bia = the food
• an-łath = the day
• an-tzech = the house
• an-nes = the miracle

Feminine nouns: Nouns beginning with a lenitable consonant (except t and tz) lenite and take a-; s becomes an-ts

• a-jhełach = the moon
• an-iša = the woman/wife
• an-oth = the letter (character)
• an-tsuca = the booth

Plural nouns: nah- /nə(h)/ (the h is only pronounced before a vowel)

• nah-tiš = the houses
• nah-łathan = the days
• nah-mno = the women/wives (irregular plural of iša)
• nah-othyoth = the letters
• nah-sucoth = the booths
• nah-nisim = the miracles

Adjectives

Adjectives always have -a in the plural.

• pred: Tom beg. = I am short.
• m.sg.: fer beg = a short man; am-fer beg = the short man
• f.sg.: fyur bheg = a short sister; an-fhyur bheg = the short sister
• pl.: feran orða = tall men; nah-feran orða = the tall men

Comparatives are formed by simply adding nes 'more' and es 'most' before the adjective.

Pronouns

pronouns: me tu še ši šin šibh šiad

Possessive prefixes:

• mo-bhrother /mo vrohəɾ/ 'my brother'; m-ather /mahəɾ/ 'my father'
• do-bhrother /do vrohəɾ/ 'thy brother'; d-ather /dahəɾ/ 'thy father'
• a-bhrother /ə vrohəɾ/ 'his brother'; a-ather /a ahəɾ/ 'his father'
• ah-brother /ə brohəɾ/ 'her brother'; ah-ather /əh ahəɾ/ 'her father'
• or-brother /oɾ brohəɾ/ 'our brother'; orn-ather /oɾn ahəɾ/ 'our father'
• bhar-brother /vəɾ brohəɾ/ 'your brother'; bharn-ather /vəɾn aheɾ/ 'your father'
• a-brother /ə brohəɾ/ 'their brother'; an-ather /ən ahəɾ/ 'their father'

m' and d' are used before a vowel, a /j/ or when a lenited f results in an initial vowel or /j/: ףיור fyur /fjuɾ/ 'sister'; מףיור m-fhyur /mjuɾ/ 'my sister'.

Prepositions

• ag 'at': agom, agat, aje, ači, agen, agebh, acu
• ze 'off, away from': zom, zit, ze, zi, zin, zibh, zu
• le 'to': lom, let, leš, lei, lin, libh, lu
• in 'in': inom, inat, on, intzi, inen, inebh, intu
• ar 'on': orom, orat, er, erhi, oren, orebh, orhu
• as 'from': asom, asat, as, aši, asen, asebh, asu
• ru 'before, in front of': rum, rut, rebhe, rempi, run, rubh, rompu
• ri 'with': rjom, ret, reš, rei, rin, ribh, rju
• um 'around': umom, umat, eme, empi, umen, umebh, umpu
• fo 'under': fum, fut, fu, fihi, fun, fubh, fuhu

in + definite article is insa(n)- in the sg and insna- in the plural.