User:IlL/Knench/Ancient

Ancient Cubrite
κubrīyā
Pronunciation	/'kʰubri:ja:/
Created by	IlL
Setting	Lõis
Language family	Afro-Asiatic Semitic Central Semitic Togarmo-Canaanite Canaanite Ancient Cubrite

Ancient Cubrite (natively 𐤄𐤋𐤔𐤅𐤍 𐤄𐤒𐤁𐤓𐤉𐤀 hal-lasōn haκ-κubrīyā 'the Cubrite language' /ʔal'lasoːn ʔak'kʰubri:ja:/ or hal-lasōn hat-turūdīyā 'the Druidic language') is the stage of Cubrite after the split from Pre-Exilic Biblical Hebrew. It was used as a literary language during this period and was the language of Near-East druidism, a form of Celtic druidism incorporating Semitic pagan elements, before the religion was supplanted by Henosis Ousias. It was then that the drastic changes that had occurred in the spoken language began to be reflected in writing, thus ushering in the era of modern Cubrite.

Ancient Cubrite developed in isolation from Hebrew and was influenced by Celtic languages such as Gaulish and Galatian. It is a separate lineage from the dialect of Canaanite that eventually gave rise to Tiberian Hebrew and the modern Jewish Hebrew reading traditions in Lõis.

Surviving literature in Ancient Cubrite includes bardic poetry; one Beowulf-length heroic epic, Tabarē Harδūr (Tales of Arthur); incantations; and instructions for various rituals.

Todo

• When should matres lectionis be used?
• some a-priori roots
• Vowel reduction:
  • final originally unstressed long > short

Phonology

Orthography

Ancient Cubrite was written in an abjad descended from the Proto-Hebrew script. Incantations were completely vocalized, other religious texts less so.

Since Ancient Cubrite merged /ʔ/ and /h/ completely, the letters aleph (half) and he (hê) are confused in earlier texts. Eventually the letter he was only used for a few function words and particles such as the definite article haC-.

Consonants

Out of the 25 consonants of Proto-Canaanite, Ancient Cubrite merged:

• /x/ with /ħ/ into /ħ/
• /ɬ/ with /t/ (taw) into /θ/
• /ʕ/ and /ɣ/ into /ɣ̃/
• /h/ and /ʔ/ into /ʔ~ɦ~h~Ø/ ([h] was an allophone used for emphasis.)
• /s/ and /š/ into /s/

On the other hand, it gained consonants allophonically (see #Mutations).

/m p b f v n t d tʰ θ ð ts s tsʰ ɣ̃ ħ k g kʰ x ɣ l w j r ʔ~ɦ~h~Ø/ ⟨m p b f v n t d ᴛ θ δ z s c ȝ ħ k g ᴋ x γ l w y r h⟩

Vowels

Ancient Cubrite retained Proto-Canaanite vowel length and developed overlong vowels.

a e i u ā ē ī ō ū â ê î ô û /a ɛ~e ɪ~ɨ ʊ~o aː ɛː iː ɔː uː aːː ɛːː iːː ɔːː uːː/

Many instances of long and overlong vowels resulted from dropped aleph and he and instances of lost gemination in grammatical affixes. For example: pû 'come! (m.sg.)' (from *būʔ < *buʔ, Tiberian Hebrew /bo:/)

Prosody

Stress

There were major stress shifts away from final stress from Pre-Exilic Hebrew to Ancient Cubrite, eventually resulting in unconditional initial stress.

1. Stress shifted to penultimate for feminine singular nouns ending in -ā in adjectives, then nouns, by analogy with the unstressed 3SG.F perfect affix -ā.
2. By analogy, stress shifted to penultimate for nouns ending in a plural suffix -īm, -ē, or -ōδ.
3. Stress became uniformly initial, ignoring proclitics such as the definite article haC-, and prepositions ka- 'and', li- 'dative', bi- 'locative/instrumental', miC- 'from'. Vowel reduction in surviving texts (missing matres lectionis, or changes in vowels) suggests that at first this was done deliberately as a stylized way to chant incantations.

Morphophonology

Mutations

Words can undergo initial mutation but the mutations are different from the begadkefat spirantization in Tiberian Hebrew. The following mutations occur after a vowel:

• beth /p/ → /b/
• pe /f/ → /v/
• daleth /t/ → /d/
• taw /θ/ → /ð/
• gimel /k/ → /g/
• kaph /x/ → /ɣ/
• zayin /ts/ → /dz/
• samekh /s/ → /z/

Morphology

Pronouns

Independent

• 1sg: hanī, nī
• 2sg: haθθa, θa (m); haθθe, θe (f)
• 3sg: hū (m); hī (f)
• 1pl: haħnu
• 2pl: haθθemma, θemma (m); haθθenna, θenna (f)
• 3pl: hemma (m), henna (f)

Nouns

Inflection

The definite article was ʔaC- (~ Biblical Hebrew *haC-). It caused gemination of the following consonant; if the following consonant was a guttural and thus could not geminate, it was lengthened to ʔā-.

Unstressed -ā corresponds to the Biblical feminine singular ending *-ā́. Other possible feminine endings are -t, -θ or -δ. Eventually stress shifted away from gender/number suffixes across the board: The regular masculine and feminine plural endings were unstressed -īm and unstressed -ōδ, ~ Biblical Hebrew *-ī́m and *-ṓt.

Often -ā is found where Hebrew has -t.

The construct state was much more predictable than in Tiberian Hebrew.

Example with sūs 'horse' and sūsā 'female horse':

Noun declension

number	singular		plural
gender	m.	f.	m.	f.
indef.	𐤎𐤅𐤎 sūs /suːs/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤀 sūsā /ˈsuːsaː/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤌‎ sūsīm /ˈsuːsiːm/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤅𐤕‎‎ sūsōδ /ˈsuːsoːð/
def.	𐤄𐤎𐤅𐤎 has-sūs /ʔasˈsuːs/	𐤄𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤀 has-sūsā /ʔasˈsuːsaː/	𐤄𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤌‎ has-sūsīm /ʔasˈsuːsiːm/	𐤄𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤅𐤕‎‎ has-sūsōδ /ʔasˈsuːsoːð/
const.	𐤎𐤅𐤎 sūs /suːs/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕 sūsaδ /ˈsuːsað/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉‎ sūsē /ˈsuːseː/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤅𐤕‎‎ sūsōδ /ˈsuːsoːð/
"my"	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉 sūsī /ˈsuːsiː/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉 sūsaδī /ˈsuːsaðiː/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉‎ sūsajj /ˈsuːsai/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉‎‎ sūsuδajj /ˈsuːsuðai/
"thy" (m)	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤊 sūsaγa /ˈsuːsaɣa/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤊 sūsaδaγa /ˈsuːsaðaɣa/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤊‎ sūsēγa /ˈsuːseːɣa/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤊‎‎ sūsuδēγa /ˈsuːsuðeːɣa/
"thy" (f)	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤊 sūsaγe /ˈsuːsaɣɛ/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤊 sūsaδaγe /ˈsuːsaðaɣɛ/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤊‎ sūsēγe /ˈsuːseːɣɛ/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤊‎‎ sūsuδēγe /ˈsuːsuðeːɣɛ/
"his"	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤅 sūsō /ˈsuːsoː/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤅 sūsaδō /ˈsuːsaðoː/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤅‎ sūsô /ˈsuːsoːː/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤅‎‎ sūsuδô /ˈsuːsuðoːː/
"her"	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤀𐤀 sūsâ /ˈsuːsaːː/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤀𐤀 sūsaδâ /ˈsuːsaðaːː/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤀𐤀‎ sūseyâ /ˈsuːsejaːː/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤀𐤀‎‎ sūsuδēyâ /ˈsuːsuðeːjaːː/
"our"	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤍 sūsinu /ˈsuːsinu/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤍 sūsaδinu /ˈsuːsaðinu/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤍‎ sūsēnu /ˈsuːseːnu/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤍‎‎ sūsuδēnu /ˈsuːsuðeːnu/
"y'all's" (m)	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤊𐤌‎‎ sūsaγem /ˈsuːsaɣem/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤊𐤌 sūsaδaγem /ˈsuːsaðaɣem/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤊𐤌‎ sūsēγem /ˈsuːseːɣem/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤊𐤌‎‎ sūsuδēγem /ˈsuːsuðeːɣem/
"y'all's" (f)	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤊𐤍 sūsaγen /ˈsuːsaɣen/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤊𐤍 sūsaδaγen /ˈsuːsaðaɣen/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤊𐤍‎ sūsēγen /ˈsuːseːɣen/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤊𐤍‎‎ sūsuδēγen /ˈsuːsuðeːɣen/
"their" (m)	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤀𐤌 sūsām(u) /ˈsuːsaːm(u)/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤀𐤌 sūsaδām(u) /ˈsuːsaðaːm(u)/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤀𐤌, 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤌𐤅 ‎ sūsêm, sūsēmu /ˈsuːseːːm, ˈsuːseːmu/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤀𐤌, 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤌𐤅 ‎‎‎ sūsuδêm, sūsuδēmu /ˈsuːsuðeːːm ˈsuːsuðeːmu/
"their" (f)	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤀𐤍 sūsān /ˈsuːsaːn/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤀𐤍 sūsaδān /ˈsuːsaðaːn/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤀𐤍‎ sūsên /ˈsuːseːːn/	𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤀𐤍‎‎ sūsuδên /ˈsuːsuðeːːn/

TODO: Principal parts for segolates and other specific patterns

Other inflections

The directive he reflects as -a.

Adjectives

Adjectives are very similar to pre-exilic Biblical Hebrew. Adjectives can be put in construct state: e.g. ħṓli hā́bā 'lovesick (m.sg.)' (ħṓli is the construct of ħṓlē 'sick').

A common way to express 'very, extreme(ly), great(ly)' was to use the prefix rō- (which caused mutation; borrowed from Proto-Celtic *ɸro-; cognate to Irish ró-, Welsh rhy, both 'too, excessively'). At first only adjectives could take this prefix, but later it was also used on nouns to indicate numerousness or intensity (influenced by רוב *rubb 'multitude' used before a noun).

Verbs

Ancient Cubrite used all 7 binyanim of Biblical Hebrew; another stem (the L-stem; TibH פולל pôlêl and pôlal) remained fully productive in Ancient Cubrite.

Verbs inherited the following forms from pre-Biblical Hebrew:

• preterite independent (~ BH waw-consecutive preterite)
• present independent (~ BH waw-consecutive imperfect)
• preterite dependent (~ BH perfect)
• present dependent (~ BH imperfect)
• imperative
• cohortative -a
• infinitive construct
• participles

The following verb forms lost their productivity:

• emphatic m.sg. imperative -a
• jussive (only survives in hayā 'to be')
• infinitive absolute

The waw-consecutive came to play a purely syntactic role: The waw-consecutive is used as the default form, and the non-waw forms are used when a pre-verbal particle is attached (such as lō 'not', him 'if; definitely not', ha- 'question particle', xī 'when', (wa)hinni 'but; but then'). This is similar to Old Irish or Egyptian verbal allomorphy between independent and dependent forms.

Independent vs. dependent forms: example

	independent	dependent
preterite	waw-preterite: wayyōγal 'he ate'	perfect: lō haγal 'he did not eat'
present	waw-stative: wāhaγal 'he eats'	imperfect: lō yōγal 'he does not eat'

Binyan faȝal (paʕal)

samar 'he kept'

→ Person ↓ Tense		1s	2ms	2fs	3ms	3fs	1p	2mp	2fp	3mp	3fp
preterite	indep.	wêsmur	waθθesmur	waθθesmurī	wayyesmur	waθθesmur	wannesmur	waθθesmurū	waθθesmurna	wayyesmurū	waθθesmurna
	dep.	samarθi	samarθa	samarθe	samar	samarā	samarnu	samarθem	samarθen	samarū
present	indep.	wassamarθi	wassamarθa	wassamarθe	wassamar	wassamarā	wassamarnu	wassamarθem	wassamarθen	wassamarū
	dep.	hesmur	θesmur	θesmurī	yesmur	θesmur	nesmur	θesmurū	θesmurna	yesmurū	θesmurna
imperative		-	simur!	simurī!	-	-	-	simurū!	simurna!	-	-
active participle		sōmḗr
passive participle		samū́r
infinitive		simṓr

Binyan nivȝal (nifʕal)

nixθab 'it was written'

→ Person ↓ Tense		1s	2ms	2fs	3ms	3fs	1p	2mp	2fp	3mp	3fp
preterite	indep.	wêxxaδib	waθθixxaδib	waθθixxaδibī	wayyixxaδib	waθθixxaδib	wannixxaδib	waθθixxaδibū	waθθixxaδibna	wayyixxaδibū	waθθixxaδibna
	dep.	nixθabθi	nixθabθa	nixθabθe	nixθab	nixθabā	nixθabnu	nixθabθem	nixθabθen	nixθabū
present	indep.	wannixθabθi	wannixθabθa	wannixθabθe	wannixθab	wannixθabā	wannixθabnu	wannixθabθem	wannixθabθen	wannixθabū
	dep.	hixxaδib	θixxaδib	θixxaδibī	yixxaδib	θixxaδib	nixxaδib	θixxaδibū	θixxaδibna	yixxaδibū	θixxaδibna
imperative		-	hixxaδib!	hixxaδibī!	-	-	-	hixxaδibū!	hixxaδibna!	-	-
participle		nixθāb
infinitive		hixxaδib

Binyan fiȝȝil (piʕʕel)

kittil 'he grew (sth)'

→ Person ↓ Tense		1s	2ms	2fs	3ms	3fs	1p	2mp	2fp	3mp	3fp
preterite	indep.	wâgattil	waθθagattil	waθθagattilī	wayyagattil	waθθagattil	wannagattil	waθθagattilū	waθθagattelna	wayyagattilū	waθθagattelna
	dep.	kittelθi	kittelθa	kittelθe	kittil	kittilā	kittelnu	kittelθem	kittelθen	kittilū
present	indep.	wakkittelθi	wakkittelθa	wakkittelθe	wakkittil	wakkittilā	wakkittelnu	wakkittelθem	wakkittelθen	wakkittilū
	dep.	hagattil	θagattil	θagattilī	yagattil	θagattil	nagattil	θagattilū	θagattelna	yagattilū	θagattelna
imperative		-	kattil!	kattilī!	-	-	-	kattilū!	kattelna!	-	-
participle		mugattil
infinitive		kattil

Binyan hivȝīl (hifʕil)

hibdīl 'he separated'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1s	2ms	2fs	3ms	3fs	1p	2mp	2fp	3mp	3fp
preterite indep.	wâbdīl	waθθabdīl	waθθabdīlī	wayyabdīl	waθθabdīl	wannabdīl	waθθabdīlū	waθθabdelna	wayyabdīlū	waθθabdelna
preterite dep.	hibdelθi	hibdelθa	hibdelθe	hibdīl	hibdīlā	hibdelnu	hibdelθem	hibdelθen	hibdīlū
present indep.	wêbdelθi	wêbdelθa	wêbdelθe	wêbdel	wêbdelā	wêbdelnu	wêbdelθem	wêbdelθen	wêbdelū
present dep.	habdīl	θabdīl	θabdīlī	yabdīl	θabdīl	nabdīl	θabdīlū	θabdelna	yabdīlū	θabdelna
imperative	-	habdel!	habdelī!	-	-	-	habdelū!	habdelna!	-	-
participle	mabdīl
infinitive	habdīl

Binyan hiðvaȝȝil (hithpaʕʕel)

hiθnaᴋᴋim 'he resented'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1s	2ms	2fs	3ms	3fs	1p	2mp	2fp	3mp	3fp
preterite indep.	wâθnaᴋᴋim	waθθiθnaᴋᴋim	waθθiθnaᴋᴋimī	wayyiθnaᴋᴋim	waθθiθnaᴋᴋim	wanniθnaᴋᴋim	waθθiθnaᴋᴋimū	waθθiθnaᴋᴋemna	wayyiθnaᴋᴋimū	waθθiθnaᴋᴋemna
preterite dep.	hiθnaᴋᴋemθi	hiθnaᴋᴋemθa	hiθnaᴋᴋemθe	hiθnaᴋᴋim	hiθnaᴋᴋimā	hiθnaᴋᴋemnu	hiθnaᴋᴋemθem	hiθnaᴋᴋemθen	hiθnaᴋᴋimū
present indep.	wêθnaᴋᴋemθi	wêθnaᴋᴋemθa	wêθnaᴋᴋemθe	wêθnaᴋᴋim	wêθnaᴋᴋimā	wêθnaᴋᴋemθnu	wêθnaᴋᴋemθem	wêθnaᴋᴋemθem	wêθnaᴋᴋimū
present dep.	haθnaᴋᴋim	θiθnaᴋᴋim	θiθnaᴋᴋimī	yiθnaᴋᴋim	θiθnaᴋᴋim	niθnaᴋᴋim	θiθnaᴋᴋimū	θiθnaᴋᴋemna	θiθnaᴋᴋimū	θiθnaᴋᴋemna
imperative	-	hiθnaᴋᴋim!	hiθnaᴋᴋimī!	-	-	-	hiθnaᴋᴋimū!	hiθnaᴋᴋemna!	-	-
participle	muθnaᴋᴋim
infinitive	hiθnaᴋᴋim

Other derivations

θivȝil and savȝil

Object suffixes

• 1sg: -ni
• 2sg: -γa (m); -γe (f)
• 3sg: -w (after most V), -vu (after u or ū), -ō (after C) (m); -â, -hâ (f)
• 1pl: -nu
• 2pl: -γem (m); -γen (f)
• 3pl: -hem, -m, -im, -mu, -imu (m); -hen, -n, -in (f)

Gzarot

Main article: Ancient Cubrite/Gzarot

Prepositions

• yōδ = direct object marker
• li- = to, for, of
• pi- = in, at, by, with (inst.)
• xamu- = like, as
• miC- = from
• ȝim, hiδ = with (comit.)
• wēn = without
• ya3n = because of

Conjunctions

• xa- = and ('like' > 'and')
• ya3n = because

Syntax

Ancient Cubrite syntax is similar to Bibical Hebrew, but more systematic and streamlined from an IE perspective. Basic word order was retained as VSO under the influence of Celtic (unlike in spoken Biblical Hebrew).

Tense constructions

Ancient Cubrite preserved Biblical Hebrew-like verb conjugation quite well (even retaining the waw-consecutive), but also innovated tense constructions. This came from the fact that Celtic speakers attempting to use the aspect-based grammar of Canaanite wanted to indicate tense unambiguously. The choice of whether to use the non-waw or the waw forms is purely syntactic; it depends on whether there is a preverb or not.

• Pluperfect: hayā or wayyê + perfect
• Preterite: perfect or waw-preterite
• Past imperfect: hayā or wayyê ('was') + imperfect is used to specifically indicate past imperfect
• Present: imperfect or waw-stative
• Future imperfective: yî or wāyā + imperfect
• Future perfective: wāyā + perfect (~ BH *wahayā, waw-consecutive + suffix conjugation)
• As in Hebrew, positive imperatives use the imperative but negative imperatives use hal + 2nd person present dependent.

Uses of the infinitive construct

Many of the Biblical or quasi-Biblical uses of the infinitive construct were retained:

1. la + IC may be used to indicate purpose
2. there were many verbs after which either la + IC or bare IC were commonly used
3. ba- or xa- + IC + NOUN = "when possessor VERBs/VERBed..."
4. more generally clauses with IC serve to point to an action in a tenseless way, like "for NOUN to VERB": lō jōʕīl hiwwasivō laθ-θessuᴋā = 'It is not worth it for him to join the fight'

Narratives

As in Biblical Hebrew, narratives tend to use the waw-preterite. A narrative is commonly introduced by wayyê 'it was' (often to give background info).

Hypothetical example:

wayyê vaȝm waθθê lāħamā, pōdīγā smâ. waθθê ȝazzaδ θessuᴋā, hinni hayāδā rō-ħōlyaδ hābā.

Once there was a woman of war named Boudica. She was mighty in the art of battle, but she was greatly lovesick.

Wishes

Wishes and prayers use a form of ħayy 'alive' + subject + wa + verb in present dependent (from the jussive). This is an evolution of an oath formula ħayy X... 'I swear by X'.

ħayyōδ hā-hasirōδ wa δagallēna niᴛavōδ ham-mumallihōδ bā-harc xullâ wa baθ-θōruκaδā bâ.

May the tree-spirits reveal mystical insights pervading the whole earth and the lush vegetation in it.

A somewhat less common option is to use mī jeθθin wa + present dependent (lit. who will give that...).

Vocabulary

Ancient Cubrite vocabulary was mostly Semitic, but with some Celtic loans. The inherited Semitic vocabulary shows some semantic drift relative to Biblical Hebrew, as well as additional coinages.

Derivation

Mishkalim

• ᴋaᴛāl, ᴋaᴛēl, ᴋaᴛōl = common noun and adjective pattern for basic words
• ᴋaᴛīl = adjective pattern
• ᴋaᴛīlā = noun pattern
• masculine segolates: ᴋaᴛl, ᴋiᴛl, ᴋuᴛl, pl. ᴋVᴛalīm (ᴋuᴛl is often used for nouns of quantity and quality)
• feminine segolates: ᴋaᴛlā, ᴋiᴛlā, ᴋuᴛlā, pl. ᴋVᴛalōδ
• ᴋaᴛalā (paraγā 'good fortune, auspiciousness')
• ᴋaᴛilā
• ᴋaᴛulā (kadulā 'magnificence', zaruħā 'radiance')
• ᴋaᴛalᴛal(ā) = diminutive
• meᴋᴛal(ā) = often place
• maᴋᴛel(ā) = instrument
• meᴋᴛōl
• meᴋᴛul(ā)
• θaᴋᴛilā, θeᴋᴛulā
• ᴋaᴛlōn
• ᴋiᴛᴛalōn
• ᴋaᴛᴛal(ā) = agentive
• ᴋaᴛᴛelā = disease
• ᴋaᴛᴛulā
• θaᴋᴛelā
• θeᴋᴛulā = system of, art of, study of

Affixes

• -î (feminine -īyā): adjective-forming affix
• -ūδ: abstract noun suffix
• hī-: un-, non-

Sample texts

An incantation

The following incantation has 4 stressed syllables per line (Prosody in Ancient Cubrite poetry is based on the number of stressed syllables per line):

[...]

Modern uses

Modern adaptations of Proto-Azalic and Ancient Cubrite are used in certain New Age spiritual communities in Lõis, with ad hoc and often divergent pronunciation systems, as modern Levantine sprachbund languages do not have the phonation distinctions of the ancient languages.

Lexicon

h

• hā́bā = love
• hilô (pl. hilṓhīm) = an animistic spirit, like a Japanese kami
• hasírā = the spirit of a tree
• hinni = but

z

• zadā = defect, crookedness (זדה is a hapax legomena in the Siloam inscription)
• zīdā = wrongness, injustice
• zaruħā = radiance

x

• x-p-t
  • xabed 'liver'
  • xabid 'heavy'
  • xabōd 'honor'
  • xippid 'to honor'
  • xabudā 'esteemed position'
    • hax-xabudā 'sir, ma'am'
  • maxped 'scale, balance'
• xin 'and'

n

• n-ᴛ-f
  • níᴛfā = spiritual intuition or inspiration (from a root meaning 'dropping, prophecy' in BH)

ȝ

• ȝarábā = willow

f

• fárrā = cow

r

• rimmṓn = pomegranate