User:IlL/Spare pages 1/13

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Phonology

Grimm's law

Also Verner's law?

Morphology

The auxiliary

Should be as far from cartesian product as possible. Justify with analytic constructions; relex Welsh

  • direct imperfect: vor ← *bō ʕar = mae e'n, mar ← *bō mad ʕar = dydy e ddim yn
  • direct perfect: lōkh ← *li ʔōkʷ = mi naeth e, vizha ← *bō hašgā = mae e heb
  • direct irrealis: zhar't ← *jar kʷãtʼ = lit. stands before
Proto-Shalaian TAM markers
imperfect perfect irrealis
pos. neg. pos. neg. pos. neg.
direct (verbal) bō ʕar bō mad ʕar li ʔōkʷ bō ašgā jar kʷãt bãy
question ʔam ʔam yankʷid ʔōkʷ ʔōkʷ rāk ʔam nayd ʔam tuhar nayd
relativizer (direct) dō bī bī ʔōkʷ dō bī ʔōkʷ rāk bī kʷãt dō bī kʷãt
relativizer (indirect) čʼã dō čʼã čʼã ʔōkʷ dō čʼã ʔōkʷ rāk čʼã jar kʷãt dō čʼã jar kʷãt
complementizer ʔit dō rāk ʔikʷ ʔit hin dō rāk hin napā dō jar rā ʔikʷ
if (real) čīr čīr rāk ʔikʷ čīr hin čīr rāk hin (ʔam) kʷid ʔit yankʷid rā ʔikʷ
if (irreal or less vivid) rū ʕar ʔit rū ʕar rāk ʔikʷ rū ʕar bō hin ʔit rū ʕar rāk hin rū ʕar kʷid rā ʔit rū ʕar yankʷid rā ʔikʷ

Syntax

Proto-Shalaian syntax was AuxVOS:

  • Stative verbs (eventually all intransitives): Aux_i prep VN-w_i S_i (abs/erg in Shal.)
  • Dynamic verbs (eventually transitives): Aux_i prep s_j-VN-w_i O_j S_i (abs/erg in Shal.)
  • Infinitive clauses: prep VN.INF-w_i S_i O ... (nom/acc in Shal.)
Proto-Shalaic