User:IlL/Spare pages 1/13
Phonology
Grimm's law
Also Verner's law?
get hon. sg. (nouns) -er ~ hon. sg. (verbs) -s, s- with Verner
Diachronics
Grimm's law
Verner's law
Verner's law was discovered by the Shalaian linguist Nirria Verner (Nérrir Vernr).
The consonant change is: f θ s ł x xʷ > v ð z ʒ l ɣ ɣʷ > b d r ž l g w
PId had variable stress. In PShal, words that were penult stressed in PId changed to have final stress because endings dropped out, while keeping PId stød. Verner's law occurred before the stress shifted away from final in final stressed words, again, and affected consonants immediately after a stressed syllable in this intermediate stage. It has no effect after stressed syllables with stød
PId hon. sg. *-asV > PShal *-áz > Shal. -r honorific verbs on the other hand weren't affected by the penultimate to ultimate stress thing hence hon sg verb affix -s
Morphology
Verner results in affix allomorphy and Grammatischer Wechsel
The auxiliary
Should be as far from cartesian product as possible. Justify with analytic constructions; relex Welsh
- direct imperfect: vor ← *bō ʕar = mae e'n, mar ← *bō mad ʕar = dydy e ddim yn
- direct perfect: lōkh ← *li ʔōkʷ = mi naeth e, vizha ← *bō hašgā = mae e heb
- direct irrealis: zhar't ← *jar kʷãtʼ = lit. stands before
| imperfect | perfect | irrealis | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| pos. | neg. | pos. | neg. | pos. | neg. | |
| direct (verbal) | bō ʕar | bō mad ʕar | li ʔōkʷ | bō ašgā | jar kʷãt | bãy |
| question | ʔam | ʔam yankʷid | ʔōkʷ | ʔōkʷ rāk | ʔam nayd | ʔam tuhar nayd |
| relativizer (direct) | bī | dō bī | bī ʔōkʷ | dō bī ʔōkʷ rāk | bī kʷãt | dō bī kʷãt |
| relativizer (indirect) | čʼã | dō čʼã | čʼã ʔōkʷ | dō čʼã ʔōkʷ rāk | čʼã jar kʷãt | dō čʼã jar kʷãt |
| complementizer | ʔit | dō rāk ʔikʷ | ʔit hin | dō rāk hin | napā | dō jar rā ʔikʷ |
| if (real) | čīr | čīr rāk ʔikʷ | čīr hin | čīr rāk hin | (ʔam) kʷid ʔit | yankʷid rā ʔikʷ |
| if (irreal or less vivid) | rū ʕar ʔit | rū ʕar rāk ʔikʷ | rū ʕar bō hin ʔit | rū ʕar rāk hin | rū ʕar kʷid rā ʔit | rū ʕar yankʷid rā ʔikʷ |
Syntax
Proto-Shalaian syntax was AuxVOS:
- Stative verbs (eventually all intransitives): Aux_i prep VN-w_i S_i (abs/erg in Shal.)
- Dynamic verbs (eventually transitives): Aux_i prep s_j-VN-w_i O_j S_i (abs/erg in Shal.)
- Infinitive clauses: prep VN.INF-w_i S_i O ... (nom/acc in Shal.)