Proto-Hlou-Shum

Proto-Talsmic phonology

Consonant inventory

Proto-Talsmic reconstructed consonants
		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal		*m	*n
Plosive	voiceless	*p	*t	*c	*k	*q	*ʔ
	voiced	*b	*d	*ɟ	*g
	aspirated	*pʰ	*tʰ	*cʰ	*kʰ	*qʰ
Fricative	voiceless		*s	*ç			*h
	voiced		*z	*ƶ		*ʁ
Approximant		*w		*j
Trill			*r
Lateral app.			*l

/qʰ/ may have been realized as an affricate, [qχ].

Vocalic inventory

	Front	Central	Back
Close	*i *ī		*u *ū
Mid	*e *ē		*o *ō
Open		*a *ā

Sound changes

1. *qʰ > *χ
2. *ʔ=ʔ > *ʔ
3. *mʔ, *nʔ, *lʔ, *rʔ > *mp, *nt, *lt, *rt; *mh, *nh, *lh, *rh > *mɸ, *nθ, *lθ, *rθ
4. *kʰ *cʰ *tʰ *pʰ > *x *ç *θ *ɸ
5. *ēj > *ie
6. Pronominal grammaticalization begins
7. *ie often > *i / _#
8. *c > *ŧ
9. *ç *ƶ
   • > *θ *ð
   • > *ɸ _C[+coronal +plosive/affricate]
10. *k > *x / _{d, t, ŧ}
11. *tk, *ck *tkʰ/kʰ > *xt, *xŧ, *kθ
12. *q *χ > *ʡ *ħ
13. *ʁ
    • > *ʕ except...
    • > *w / _C[+voiced] or _V[+close]
14. *ɟ > *ʎ
15. Themsaran rhotacization: *z > *r / V_C[-semivowel, +voiced, ~{/z/}]
16. coronal obstruent + sibilant_i > sibilant_isibilant_i
17. *oi *ui > *ȳ
18. *ou > *ū
19. Tonogenesis event: *=ʔ > word-final tonic syllable
20. *u, *w > *y / C_#
21. *CC[+resonant]{C, #} > *CyC[+resonant]{C, #}
    • Cyı{C, #} > Ci{C, #}
22. CC[-resonant]C > CiC[-resonant]C
23. *ıy[ː] > i[ː]
24. *nr > *ndr, *lr > *ldr
25. Verbal tone patterns are established
26. *w > *v
27. *ʕ > *ħ
28. *h
    • > [ː~] / _C[+fricative]
    • > [~ː] / _#
29. *ʔ
    • > [ː~] / _C
    • > [~ː] / _#
    • > 0 / otherwise
30. *ʡ
    • > ħ / _{*t, *ŧ}