Gathrírn

Gathrírn
Gathrírn
Pronunciation	[[w:Help:IPA|gaˈθɾin]]
Created by	–
Native speakers	- (2013)

Gathrírn is an a priori language inspired by Celtic languages. As such, it features extensive vowel and consonant mutations, as well as a relatively complex inflectional system. Its phonetic system is also remarkable in having up to four varieties of one phoneme.

Phonology

Consonants

		Bilabial				Dental	Alveolar				Palatal		Velar				Glottal
		Plain	Palat.	Labial.	Gemin.		Plain	Palat.	Labial.	Gemin.	Plain	Labial.	Plain	Palat.	Labial.	Gemin.
Nasal	Voiced	m	mʲ	mʷ	m:		n		nʷ	n:	ɲ		ŋ
	Voiceless	m̥					n̥
Plosive	Voiced	b	bʲ	bʷ	b:		d		dʷ	d:	ɟ		g		gʷ	g:
	Voiceless	p	pʲ	pʷ	p:		t		tʷ	t:	c		k		kʷ	k:
Fricative	Voiced					ð	z		zʷ		ʑ		ɣ
	Voiceless	f	fʲ	fʷ	f:	θ	s		sʷ	s:	ɕ		x	xʲ			h
Approximant	Voiced	ʋ									j	ɥ			w
	Voiceless										j̊				ʍ
Trill	Voiceless						r̥		r̥ʷ
Flap or tap	Voiced						ɾ	ɾʲ	ɾʷ
Lateral app.	Voiced						l		lʷ	l:	ʎ
	Voiceless						l̥		l̥ʷ

Vowels

	Front	Near-front	Central	Near-back	Back
Close	i y				u
Near-close		ʏ		ʊ
Close-mid	e ø				o
Mid			ə
Open-mid	ɛ				ɔ
Near-open	æ
Open			a

Morphology

Mutations

Consonant mutations

Similar to Cletic languages, nouns in Gathrírn undergo several types of mutations. There are six consonant-initial mutations: fricativisation, palatalisation, labialisation, voicing, devoicing, and nasalisation or mixed type. Word-final consonants also change.

Consonant-initial mutations
Unmutated	Fricativisation	Palatalisation	Labialisation	Voicing	Devoicing	Nasalisation
b	bh [ʋ]	bj	bw	-	bp [p]	mb [m]
bl	bhl [ʋl]	-	-	-	bpl [pl]	mbl [ml]
br	bhr [ʋɾ]	-	-	-	bpr [pɾ]	mbr [mɾ]
d	dh [ð]	dj [ɟ]	dw	-	dh [ð]	nd [n]
dr	dhr	-	-	-	dhr	-
dv	dhv	-	-	-	dhv	-
f	-	fj	fw	fv	-	nf
fl	-	-	-	fvl	-	-
g	gh [ɣ]	gj [ɟ]	gw	/	gk [k]	ng [ŋ]
gl	ghl	glj [ʑʎ]	/	/	gkl	ngl
gr	ghr	/	/	/	gkr	ngr
j	jw [ɥ]	/	w	/	jh [j̊]	nj
k	kh [x]	kj [c]	kw	kg [g]	/	kh [x]
kl	khl	klj [ɕʎ]	/	kgl	/	khl
kr	khr	/	/	kgr	/	khr
h	/	hj [xʲ]	hw [ʍ]	gh [ɣ]	/	kh
hw	/	jw [ɥ]	/	w	/	w
l	/	lj	lw	/	lh	/
m	mh [v]	mlj	mw	/	/	/
ml	mhl	/	/	/	/	/
mr	mhr	/	/	/	/	/
mn	mhn	mnj	/	/	/	/
n	/	nj	nw	/	/	/
p	ph [f]	pj	pw	pb [b]	/	ph [f]
pl	phl	/	/	pbl	/	phl
pr	phr	/	/	pbr	/	phr
r	/	rj	rw	/	rh	/
rh	rr [r]	rr	rhw [r̥ʷ]	rr	/	rr
lh	ll [l]	ll	lhw [l̥ʷ]	ll	/	ll
s	sh [h]	sj [ɕ]	sw	sz [z]	/	/
t	th [θ]	tj [c]	tw	td [d]	th [θ]	th
tl	thl	tlj [ɕʎ]	/	tdl	thl	thl
tr	thr	/	/	tdr	thr	thr
tv	/	/	/	tdv	tsv [sʋ]	/
tf	/	tjf [ɕf]	/	tfv [dʋ]	tsf [sf]	/
z	zh [ɣ]	zj [ʑ]	zw	/	zs [s]	/
w	/	jw [ɥ]	/	/	wh [ʍ]	jw [ɥ]
th	/	/	/	dh [ð]	/	/
sk	shk [xk]	skj [ɕc]	/	/	/	/
st	sht [xt]	stj [ɕc]	/	/	/	/
vowel	c'	-	w'	-	l'	c'

Consonant-final mutations
Unmutated	Mutated
b	bb
c	c
d	dd
dh	d
f	p
ft	ft
g	gg
j	j
jh	jj
js	sj
jz	zj
k	kk
kh	kh
l	l
lf	lf
ld	ld
lj	lj
lh	ll
ls	ll
lt	lt
lv	lv
lz	lj
m	m
mh	mm
ms	ms
n	n
nd	nd
nf	ff
nh	nn
nj	nj
ns	ss
nt	nt
nz	nj
p	pp
r	r
rd	d
rdh	dh
rh	rr
rn	n
rs	sj
rt	tt
rth	th
rz	zj
s	s
st	st
t	tt
v	b
z	z

Vowel mutations

Vowel mutations apply when declining nouns.

Vowel mutations
Unmutated	E-PLURAL		Unmutated	O-PLURAL
	Primary	Secondary		Primary	Secondary
NON-FINAL
a	e	ea	a	au	ae
e	i	ie	e	au	ae
i	ei	ea	i	ie	ea
o	oi	oe	o	o	oe
u	y	ye	u	oa	ue
y	y	ye	y	u	ue
ONE FINAL CONSONANT or VOWEL
a	ai	ai	a	ae	au
e	ea	ae	e	ea	ei
i	ei	ei	i	ea	ei
o	oe	oe	o	oe	oi
u	ou	oi	u	oa	ou
y	ye	oe	y	ue	ui
ai	au	oa	ai	ae	au
ei	oi	oe	ei	ou	ui
oa	o	oe	oa	au	au
NASAL + PLOSIVE or FRICATIVE
a	ae	ai	a	ae	ai
e	ea	ei	e	ea	ei
i	ei	ei	i	ie	ai
o	oe	oe	o	oe	oi
u	ye	oe	u	oa	oi
y	ye	oe	y	ye	ui
LIQUID + PLOSIVE or FRICATIVE
a	ae	ei	a	ae	ei
e	ea	ei	e	ie	ei
i	ea	ei	i	ie	ei
o	oe	oi	o	ie	ei
u	ye	oi	u	ue	ui
y	ye	oi	y	ue	ui

Nouns

Nouns in Gathrírn have three numbers (singular, dual, plural) and four cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, locative). There are four declensions.

First declension

First declension: vowel-final
SINGULAR
Nominative	Genitive	Dative	Accusative	Locative
-a	-aur	-aen	-aer	-ael
-e	-eir	-ean	-ear	-eil
-i	-uir	-ien	-air	-iel
-o	-oir	-oen	-oar	-oel
-u	-uer	-uin	-uir	-uil
-y	-yer	-yen	-yer	-yel
DUAL
-ais	-warh	-aenh	-aerh	-aelh
-eis	-jerh	-eanh	-earh	-jelh
-ies	-wirh	-ienh	-jarh	-ielh
-ois	-jorh	-oenh	-oarh	-oelh
-uis	-uerh	-winh	-wirh	-wilh
-yes	-yerh	-yenh	-yerh	-yelh
PLURAL
-ai	-air	-ain	-air	-ail
-ie	-ier	-ien	-ier	-iel
-ei	-eir	-ein	-eir	-eil
-oe	-oer	-oen	-oer	-oel
-ou	-our	-oun	-our	-oul
-ye	-yer	-yen	-yer	-yel

Second declension

First declension: one final consonant
SINGULAR
Nominative	Genitive	Dative	Accusative	Locative
-aC	-aCur	-aCen	-aCer	-aCon
-eC	-eCur	-eCen	-eCer	-eCon
-iC	-iCur	-iCen	-iCer	-iCon
-oC	-oCur	-oCen	-oCer	-oCon
-uC	-uCur	-uCen	-uCer	-uCon
-yC	-yCyr	-yCin	-yCyr	-yCin
-aiC	-aiCur	-aiCen	-aiCer	-aiCon
-eiC	-eiCur	-eiCen	-eiCer	-eiCon
-oaC	-oaCoer	-oaCean	-oaCear	-oaCoen
DUAL
-aCis	-aCurh	-aCenh	-aCerh	-aColh
-eCis	-eCurh	-eCenh	-eCerh	-eColh
-iCis	-iCurh	-iCenh	-iCerh	-iColh
-oCis	-oCurh	-oCenh	-oCerh	-oColh
-uCis	-uCurh	-uCenh	-uCerh	-uColh
-yCis	-yCyrh	-yCinh	-yCyrh	-yCilh
-aiCis	-aiCurh	-aiCenh	-aiCerh	-aiColh
-eiCis	-eiCurh	-eiCenh	-eiCerh	-eiColh
-oaCis	-oaCoerh	-oaCeanh	-oaCearh	-oaCoelh
E-PLURAL (C = voiceless/n/m)
-aiC	-aiCur	-aiCen	-aiCer	-aiCon
-eaC	-aeCyr	-aeCen	-aeCer	-aeCoen
-eiC	-eiCur	-eiCen	-eiCer	-eiCon
-oeC	-oeCyr	-oeCen	-oeCer	-oeCoen
-ouC	-oiCur	-oiCen	-oiCer	-oiCon
-yeC	-oeyCyr	-oeCin	-oeCyr	-oeCin
-auC	-oaCoer	-oaCean	-oaCear	-oaCoen
-oiC	-oeCaer	-oeCean	-oeCear	-oeCaen
-oC	-oeCoer	-oeCean	-oeCear	-oeCoen
O-PLURAL
-aeC	-auCur	-auCen	-auCer	-auCon
-eaC	-eiCur	-eiCen	-eiCer	-eiCon
-eaC	-eiCur	-eiCen	-eiCer	-eiCon
-oeC	-oiCur	-oiCen	-oiCer	-oiCon
-oaC	-ouCur	-ouCen	-ouCer	-ouCon
-yeC	-uiCur	-uiCen	-uiCer	-uiCon
-aeC	-auCur	-auCen	-auCer	-auCon
-ouC	-uiCur	-uiCen	-uiCer	-uiCon
-uC	-auCur	-auCen	-auCer	-auCon

Third declension

First declension: nasal + plosive/fricative
SINGULAR
Nominative	Genitive	Dative	Accusative	Locative
-aN	-aNur	-aNen	-aNer	-aNon
-eN	-eNur	-eNen	-eNer	-eNon
-iN	-iNur	-iNen	-iNer	-iNon
-oN	-oNur	-oNen	-oNer	-oNon
-uN	-uNur	-uNen	-uNer	-uNon
-yN	-yNyr	-yNin	-yNyr	-yNin
DUAL
-aNath	-aNurh	-aNenh	-aNerh	-aNolh
-eNath	-eNurh	-eNenh	-eNerh	-eNolh
-iNath	-iNurh	-iNenh	-iNerh	-iNolh
-oNath	-oNurh	-oNenh	-oNerh	-oNolh
-uNath	-uNurh	-uNenh	-uNerh	-uNolh
-yNath	-yNyrh	-yNinh	-yNyrh	-yNilh
E-PLURAL
-aeN	-aiNur	-aiNen	-aiNer	-aiNon
-eaN	-eiNur	-eiNen	-eiNer	-eiNon
-eiN	-eiNur	-eiNen	-eiNer	-eiNon
-oeN	-oeNyr	-oeNean	-oeNear	-oeNyn
-yeN	-oeNyr	-oeNean	-oeNear	-oeNyn
-yeN	-oeNyr	-oeNean	-oeNear	-oeNyn
O-PLURAL
-aeN	-aiNur	-aiNen	-aiNer	-aiNon
-eaN	-eiNur	-eiNen	-eiNer	-eiNon
-ieN	-aiNur	-aiNen	-aiNer	-aiNon
-oeN	-oiNur	-oiNen	-oiNar	-oiNon
-oaN	-oiNur	-oiNen	-oiNar	-oiNon
-yeN	-uiNur	-uiNen	-uiNar	-uiNon

Fourth declension

First declension: vowel-final
SINGULAR
Nominative	Genitive	Dative	Accusative	Locative