Ašča
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Modern Attic (Ασκη γλασατι Ašča glasať /aʃtʃa glasac/ 'the Attic language' or Aščať 'the Attic one') is a Hellenic language aesthetically inspired by Slavic languages and Romani.
It is spoken all over Eastern Europe in Verse:Unbegotten. It forms a continuum with Elicá which is spoken in Greece proper.
Todo
Ιατρέ, θεράπλευθι τσυχήσου Jatřé, ťherápľuthi cičhásu = Physician, heal thyself
Khierieť holy, onmatot mu jesť Inthar. Dza in Phieladielphji kie spudadza mathьmatčať.
Use a version of ruki (just "rui")
Homlia pi agapiať kie miesot. 'I speak of love and hate.'
Khierь! (2sg)/Khierieť! (2pl) = 'Hello!'
Jukharstia! = 'Thank you!'
Sioniamie = 'Sorry.'
Ar homlias in.../Ar homliať in... = 'Do you speak...'
Ukhomlia in atkat. = 'I don't speak Atkat.'
Agapawa sie. = 'I love you.'
Phonology (Φθογγολογια Phthongolodža)
Vowel reduction
Stress
Stress is free as in Modern Greek.
Intonation
Stolen from Russian
Morphology (Μορφολογια Morpholodža)
Different declensions from AG accent? -or < -ós, -0 < -os
Pronouns (Διαονυμε Žaonimie)
Personal (Προσαπκε διαονυμε Prosapče žaonimie)
| case | 1sg. | 2sg. | 3sg. | 1pl. | 2pl. | 3pl. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| m. | f. | m. | f. | |||||
| nom. | γα ga | συ si | κειν čin | κείνη čínia | ξαμ šam | ξατι šať | κείνοι číny | κείναι čine |
| gen. | μου mu | σου su | κείνου čínu | κείνηι čínie | ξαμώ šamó | ξατιώ šaťó | κείνω číno | κείνιω čínio |
| acc. | με mie | σε sie | τουτ tut | τούτη tútia | ξάμοτ šámot | ξάτετ šaťet | τούτοι túty | τούται túte |
Nouns (Ουσιαστκοί Usiastký)
The definite suffixes come from a cliticized ἐκεῖνος 'that'.
Possessive suffixes are for the most part added directly to the noun. The resulting forms are implied to be definite.
- nom. sg.: μάχημου, μάχησου, μάχητου, μάχητει, μάχημω, μάχηξω, μάχητω máčhamu, máčhasu, máčhatu, máčhati, máčhamo, máčhašo, máčhato 'my war (nom), thy war (nom), ...'
- gen. sg.: máčhimu, máčhisu, etc.
- A -ρ -r on a stressed case ending is dropped, but turns to -σ -s before suffixes beginning with τ-. For example: ιατρόρ jatrór = a doctor; ιατρόμου jatrómu = my doctor; ιατρόστου jatróstu 'his doctor'.
Third-person possession is double-marked. The possessed noun must take the gender-appropriate possessive suffix.
- ιατρόστου Ιάνιου jatróstu Jaňu 'John's doctor'
- ιατρόστηι Αγάθηι jatrósťe Agáťhe 'Agatha's doctor'
- ιατρόστω αθλητώνω jatrósto athľatóno 'the athletes' doctor'
In case of third-from-last stress, the stress shifts to right before the possessive suffix when one is added:
- nom. sg.: ράλεγα ráľega 'throat' > ραλεγάμου raľegámu 'my throat'
Feminine declension
| μάχη máčha - war | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |||
| Indefinite | Definite | Indefinite | Definite | |
| Nominative | μάχη máčha | μάχηνι máčhaň | μάχηι máčhe | μάχηιν máčhen |
| Genitive | μάχει máčhi | μάχεινηι máčhiňe | μάχιω máčho | μάχιωνω máčhono |
| τσυχή cičhá - self | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |||
| Indefinite | Definite | Indefinite | Definite | |
| Nominative | τσυχή cičhá | τσυχήνι cičháň | τσυχηί cičhé | τσυχηίν cičhén |
| Genitive | τσυχήρ cičhár | τσυχήνηι cičháňe | τσυχιώ cičhó | τσυχιώνω cičhóno |
| γλασα glasa - language | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |||
| Indefinite | Definite | Indefinite | Definite | |
| Nominative | γλάσα glása | γλάσανι glasaň | γλάσαι glase | γλασαιν glasen |
| Genitive | γλάσοι glásy | γλάσοινηι glasyňe | γλάσω glaso | γλάσωνω glasono |
| πολιτεία poľtíja - state (polity) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |||
| Indefinite | Definite | Indefinite | Definite | |
| Nominative | πολιτεία poľtíja | πολιτείανι poľtíjaň | πολιτείαι poľtíje | πολιτείαιν poľtíjen |
| Genitive | πολιτείοι poľtíji | πολιτείοινηι poľtíjiňe | πολιτείω poľtíjo | πολιτείωνω poľtíjono |
| τρυγα třiga - wing | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |||
| Indefinite | Definite | Indefinite | Definite | |
| Nominative | τρυγα třiga | τρυγανι třigaň | τρυγαι třige | τρυγαιν třigen |
| Genitive | τρυγοι třigy | τρυγοινηι třigyňe | τρυγω třigo | τρυγωνω třigono |
Masculine o-declension
Ancient Greek neuters have merged into the masculine gender and most of them take the masculine o-declension.
Masculines that come from AG unaccented -ος or -ον nouns have a zero-marked nominative indefinite:
| ώθραπ othrap - human | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |||
| Indefinite | Definite | Indefinite | Definite | |
| Nominative | ώθραπ óthrap | ώθραπον óthrapon | ώθραποι óthrapy | ώθραποιν óthrapyn |
| Genitive | ωθράπου othrápu | ωθράπουνου othrápunu | ωθράπω othrápo | ωθράπωνω othrápono |
| Vocative | ώθραπε óthrapie | ώθραποι óthrapy | ||
| δαρ dar - gift | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |||
| Indefinite | Definite | Indefinite | Definite | |
| Nominative | δαρ dar | δάρον dáron | δάροι dáry | δάροιν dáryn |
| Genitive | δάρου dáru | δάρουνου dárunu | δάρω daro | δάρωνω dárono |
| Vocative | δάρε dáře | δάροι dáry | ||
-ορ nouns come from Ancient Greek -ός (accented) nouns.
| ιατρόρ jatrór - doctor | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |||
| Indefinite | Definite | Indefinite | Definite | |
| Nominative | ιατρόρ jatrór | ιατρόν jatrón | ιατροί jatrý | ιατροίν jatrýn |
| Genitive | ιατρού jatrú | ιατρούνου jatrúnu | ιατρώ jatró | ιατρώνω jatróno |
| Vocative | ιατρέ jatřé | ιατροί jatrý | ||
Nouns in -ο come from AG second declension -όν:
| τσηνό cianó - bird | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |||
| Indefinite | Definite | Indefinite | Definite | |
| Nominative | τσηνό cianó | τσηνόν cianón | τσηνοί cianý | τσηνοίν cianýn |
| Genitive | τσηνού cianú | τσηνούνου cianúnu | τσηνώ cianó | τσηνώνω cianóno |
| Nominative | τσηνέ ciaňé | τσηνοί cianý | ||
Masculine consonant declension
| ωδρα odra - man | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |||
| Indefinite | Definite | Indefinite | Definite | |
| Nominative | ώδρα ódra | ώδραν ódran | ώδορι ódoř | ώδρεν ódřen |
| Genitive | ώδορ ódor | ώδρονου ódronu | ώδρω ódro | ώδρωνω ódrono |
| Nominative | ώδρα ódra | ώδορι ódoř | ||
Adjectives (Επιθητοι Jepthiaty)
1st/2nd declension (-os/-ē)
| κοινόρ kynór 'common' | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |||
| Masculine | Feminine | Masculine | Feminine | |
| Nominative | κοινόρ kynór | κοινή kyniá | κοινοί kyný | κοινηί kynié |
| Genitive | κοινού kynú | κοινήρ kyniár | κοινώ kynó | κοινιώ kynió |
| άγον ágon 'infertile' | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |||
| Masculine | Feminine | Masculine | Feminine | |
| Nominative | ágon | ágonia | ágony | ágonie |
| Genitive | agónu | agóni | agóno | agónio |
-i adjectives
(adjectives from AG -ēs/-ēs/-es)
| αήθει ajáthi 'immoral' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |
| Common | Common | |
| Nominative | αήθει ajáthi | αήθει ajáthi |
| Genitive | αήθου ajáthu | αήθω ajátho |
-iár adjectives
(adjectives from AG -ḗs/-ḗs/-és)
| ευγινήρ judžňár 'polite' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |
| Common | Common | |
| Nominative | ευγινήρ judžňár | ευγινείρ judžnír |
| Genitive | ευγινού judžnú | ευγινώ judžnó |
Prepositions (Προθηισηι Proťhesie)
- na (gen.) = dative
- in (gen.) = in
- pro (acc.) = towards (a place)
Verbs (Ρήματοι Řámaty)
Verbs have a 2x2x2 active, passive x present, past x indicative, subjunctive structure. They have two principal parts: the present stem and the past stem. Many verbs take the suffix -k- in the past active tense, but some verbs do not.
Negative prefix: ου- u- (before a consonant other than h); ουκ- uk- or uč- (otherwise)
- παιδεύει pežúji = 3sg teaches; ουπαιδεύει upežúji = 3sg does not teach
- αγαπάει agapáji = 3sg loves; ουκαγαπάει ukagapáji = 3sg does not love
- εισάγει isádži = it imports; ουκειάγει učisádži = it does not import
Weak vowel verbs
Weak vowel-stem verbs are the most regular classes of verbs and have several subclasses:
- -άναι -áne verbs (from -άειν contracting to -αν)
- -είναι -íne verbs (from -έειν contracting to -ειν)
- -úne verbs, with 2 subclasses:
- -εύναι -júne verbs (from -εύειν)
- -ούναι -úne verbs (from -όειν contracting to -ουν)
| voice | tense | ga | si | ot/otia | šam | šať | oty/ote |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| active | present indicative | pežúwa | pežújir | pežúji | pežúm | pežúť | pežúš |
| present subjunctive | pežújo | pežújar | pežuja | pežujam | pežujať | pežujaš | |
| past indicative | péžuka | péžukar | péžuč | pežúkam | pežúkať | pežúkaš | |
| past subjunctive | pežúkajo | pežúkajar | pežúkaja | pežúkajam | pežúkajať | pežúkajaš | |
| imperative | - | péžuj! pežúthi! | - | - | pežúť! | - | |
| infinitive | pežúne | ||||||
| past infinitive | pežučéne | ||||||
| participle | pežúwota, pežúra | ||||||
| passive | present indicative | pežúme | pežúre | pežúte | pežuwónta | pežúsť | pežúwote |
| present subjunctive | pežúwimo | pežúwiro | pežúwito | pežuwíntha | pežúwisť | pežuwíjoto | |
| past indicative | péžuťha | péžuťhast | pežúťhač | pežúťham | pežúťhať | pežúťhaš | |
| past subjunctive | pežúťhejo | pežúťhejast | pežúťheja | pežúťhejam | pežúťhejať | pežúťhejaš | |
| imperative | - | pežúre! | - | - | pežúsť! | - | |
| infinitive | pežústhe | ||||||
| past infinitive | pežúťhane | ||||||
| participle | pežúmien, pežúmňa | ||||||
| voice | tense | ga | si | ot/otia | šam | šať | oty/ote |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| active | present indicative | agapawa | agapajir | agapaji | agapam | agapať | agapaš |
| present subjunctive | agapajo | agapajar | agapaja | agapajam | agapajať | agapajaš | |
| past indicative | agapiaka | agapiakast | agapiač | agapiakam | agapiakať | agapiakaš | |
| past subjunctive | agapiakajo | agapiakajast | agapiakaja | agapiakajam | agapiakajať | agapiakajaš | |
| imperative | - | agapaj! | - | - | agapať! | - | |
| infinitive | agapane | ||||||
| past infinitive | agapiačne | ||||||
| participle | agapawota, agapara | ||||||
| passive | present indicative | agapame | agapare | agapate | agapanta | agapasť | agapawote |
| present subjunctive | agapawime | agapawire | agapawite | agapawintha | agapawisť | agapawijote | |
| past indicative | agapieťha | agapieťhast | agapieťhač | agapieťham | agapieťhať | agapieťhaš | |
| past subjunctive | agapieťhejo | agapieťhejast | agapieťheja | agapieťhejam | agapieťhejať | agapieťhejaš | |
| imperative | - | agapare! | - | - | agapasť! | - | |
| infinitive | agapasthe | ||||||
| past infinitive | agapieťhane | ||||||
| participle | agapamien, agapamnia | ||||||
Weak consonant verbs
ξευρσκειναι šurščine 'to find'
- Pres. act. ind.: ξευρσκα, ξευρσκειρ, ξευρσκει, ξευρσκομ, ξευρσκετι, ξευρσκουξ šurška, šurščir, šuršči, šurškom, šurščeť, šurškuš
- Pres. act. subj.: ξευρσκιω, ξευρσκηρ, ξευρσκη, ξευρσκημ, ξευρσκητι, ξευρσκηξ šurščo, šurščar, šuršča, šurščam, šurščať, šurščaš
- Past act.: ξευρηκα, ξευρηκαστ, ξευρηικι, ξευρηκαμ, ξευρηκατι, ξευρηκαξ šuřaka, šuřakast, šuřeč, šuřakam, šuřakať, šuřakaš
- Past act. subj.: ξευρηκαϊω, ξευρηκαϊηστ, ξευρηκαϊη... šuřakajo, šuřakajast, šuřakaja, šuřakajam, šuřakajať, šuřakajaš
- Pres. pass. ind.: ξευρσκμαι, ξευρσκεραι, ξευρσκεται, ξευρσκονθα, ξευρσκεστι, ξευρσκωται šurškme, šurščere, šurščete, šurškontha, šurščesť, šurškote
- Pres. pass. subj.: ξευρσκοιμαι, ξευρσκοιραι, ξευρσκοιται, ξευρσκοινθα, ξευρσκοιστι, ξευρσκοιωται šurškyme, šurškyre, šurškyte, šurškyntha, šurškysť, šurškyjote
- Past pass. ind.: šuriaťho, šuriaťhast, šuriaťhač, šuriaťham, šuriaťhať, šuriaťhaš
- Past pass. subj.: šuriaťhajo, šuriaťhajast, šuriaťhaja, šuriaťhajam, šuriaťhajať, šuriaťhajaš
- Active participle: šurškota, šurškura (m/f)
- Passive participle: šurškomien, šurškomňa (m/f)
Strong verbs
Irregular verbs
είναι ine 'to be'
- Infinitive: είναι ine
- Present: ειμ, ειρ, στει, σμε, στε, ειξ im, ir, sti, smie, sťe, iš
- Negative forms: ούκειμ, ούκειρ, ούξτι, ουξμέ, ουξτέ, ούκειξ účim, účir, úšť, ušmié, ušťé, účiš
- Subjunctive: είω, είηρ, είη, είημ, είητι, είηξ íjo, íjar, íja, íjam, íjať, íjaš
- Past: ήκα, ήκαστ, ηκι, ήκαμ, ήκατι, ήκαξ jáka, jákast, jač, jákam, jákať, jákaš
- Participle: είωτα, είουρα íjota, íjura
Numerals (Αριθμοί Ařthmý)
- 1, ..., 10: šir/míja/šen, žo, třir/tříja, ťésier, piéťe, šeš, šépta, ókta, jéňa, ďéka
- 11, ..., 19: šédka, žódka, třídka, ťésradka, piétadka, šéšadka, šéptadka, óktadka, jéňadka, íkoř
- 21, ..., 29: íkoř šen, íkoř žo, íkoř tříja, ... íkoř jéňa
- 30, ..., 100: třáta, saróta, pieňéta, šešéta, šemiéta, októta, jeňéta, šekató
Syntax (Siotachia)
'To have'
- Jest na mu mial.
- be.3SG.PRES to/for 1SG.GEN apple
- I have an apple.
Conjunctions
- jo = if