Glommish/Old
Old Thedish (þiudьska rarda; Modern Thedish aldþiúsk) is the most recent common ancestor of the Thedic languages, Thedish and Ufirlandisg. It is one of the classical Germanic languages of Lõis and is the most conservative subbranch of Germanic besides Gothic -- it has much less umlaut than Old English or Old Norse.
It evolved into Middle Thedish by ca. the 1200s.
Introduction
Phonology
Orthography
Consonants
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Velar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m m | n n | |||
| Stop /Affricate |
voiceless | p p | t t | k c~k | |
| voiced | b b | d d | g ɟ~g | ||
| Fricative | f f~v | þ θ~ð | s s~z | h ç~x~h | |
| Resonant | w ʋ | r r | l l | j j | |
All consonants except *j can be allophonically palatalized before front vowels (*e *ē *ö *ȫ *i *ī *ü *ǖ *eu *iu). The palatalization was still allophonic in Old Thedish but the allophonic palatalization may have been especially strong in k/g.
- -anz, -inz, -unz > -ąz, -įz, -ųz > -ār, -īr, -ūr
- kw, hw > p, f
Vowels
Old Thedish had the following vowels:
a ā e ē i ī o ȯ ō ö ȫ u ū ü ǖ au eu iu ъ y ь /a ɑː ɛ ɛː i iː ɔ o ɔː œ œː u uː y yː au ɛu iu ə əi ĭ/
U-umlaut: a ā e ē i ī > o ō ö ȫ ü ǖ (from PGmc *a *ō/ā *e *ē *i *ī)
Vowel reflexes in stressed syllables:
a ā e ē ə̄ i ī o ō ö ȫ u ū ü ǖ au eu iu
Þiúd'sk: > a á ia/ie iá ý i í o ó ie ié iu iú i í ó ió iú
Ufirlandisg: > a ā ia(üe after w) iā(üē after w) ē(uō after w) i(ü after w) ī(ǖ after w) uo uō üe üē u ū ü ǖ au iau ieu
Prosody
Stress
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Morphology
should be a direct descendant of PWGmc
Nouns
| o-stem: wulfъ (m.) 'wolf' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | wulfъ | wulfy |
| Genitive | wulfъs | wulfa |
| Dative | wulfy | wulfъmъ |
| Locative | wulfaþ | wulfъrъ |
| o-stem: jukъ (n.) 'yoke' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | jukъ | juka |
| Genitive | jukъs | juka |
| Dative | juky | jukъmъ |
| Locative | jukaþ | jukъrъ |
| eh2-stem: gēfa (f.) 'gift' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | gēfa | gēfar |
| Genitive | gēfar | gēfa |
| Dative | gēfai | gēfamъ |
| Locative | gēfai | gēfarъ |
| i-stem: gastь (m.) 'guest' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | gastь | gasti |
| Genitive | gastьs | gastьja |
| Dative | gasti | gastьmъ |
| Locative | gasti | gastьrъ |
| i-stem: marь (n.) 'sea' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | marь | mari |
| Genitive | marьs | marьja |
| Dative | mari | marьmъ |
| Locative | mari | marьrъ |
| u-stem: sunъ (m.) 'son' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | sunъ | sunir |
| Genitive | sunor | sunьwa |
| Dative | suni | sunъmъ |
| Locative | sunew | sunъrъ |
| C-stem: burgь (f.) 'fortification' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | burgь | burgir |
| Genitive | burgir | burga |
| Dative | burgi | burgъmъ |
| Locative | burgь | burgъrъ |
| z-stem: lambъ (m.) 'lamb' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | lambъ | lambьra |
| Genitive | lambьrь | lambьra |
| Dative | lambьrь | lambьrъmъ |
| Locative | lambьrь | lambьrъrъ |
| an-stem: auga (n.) 'eye' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | auga | augana |
| Genitive | augьnь | augъna |
| Dative | augьnь | augъmmъ |
| Locative | augьnь | augarъ |
| n-stem: harpa (f.) 'harp' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | harpa | harpanь |
| Genitive | harpanь | harpana |
| Dative | harpanь | harpamъ |
| Locative | harpanь | harparъ |
| n-stem: burþi (f.) 'birth' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | burþi | burþinь |
| Genitive | burþinь | burþina |
| Dative | burþinь | burþimъ |
| Locative | burþinь | burþirъ |
| r-stem: fader (m.) 'father' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | fader | fadrь |
| Genitive | fadъr | fadra |
| Dative | fadrь | fadrъmъ |
| Locative | fadrь | fadrъrъ |
Verbs
Weak
| tense | ek | þū | ir/sī/it | wīr | jūr | ija |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present indicative | leufa | leufasь | leufaþь | leufamъ | leufaþ | leufanþь |
| present subjunctive | leufa | leufas | leufa | leufam | leufaþ | leufan |
| past I | leufada | leufadest | leufade | leufadedъm | leufadedъd | leufadedъn |
| past II | leufas | leufast | leufas | leufasъm | leufasъd | leufaser |
| past subjunctive | leufadedi | leufadedir | leufadedi | leufadedim | leufadedid | leufadedin |
| imperative | - | leufa! | - | - | leufaþ! | - |
| present participle | leufand | |||||
| past participle | leufadъ | |||||
| tense | ek | þū | ir/sī/it | wīr | jūr | ija |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present indicative | hylьja | hylisь | hyliþь | hylimъ | hyliþ | hylinþь |
| present subjunctive | hylьja | hylis | hyli | hylim | hyliþ | hylin |
| past I | hylida | hylidest | hylide | hylidedъm | hylidedъd | hylidedъn |
| past II | hylis | hylist | hylis | hylisъm | hylisъd | hyliser |
| past subjunctive | hylidedi | hylidedir | hylidedi | hylidedim | hylidedid | hylidedin |
| imperative | - | hyli! | - | - | hyliþ! | - |
| present participle | hylind | |||||
| past participle | hylidъ | |||||
Strong
| tense | ek | þū | ir/sī/it | wīr | jūr | ija |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present indicative | wrīta | wrītьrь | wrītьdь | wrītъmъ | wrītьd | wrītъndь |
| present subjunctive | wrīta | wrītyr | wrīty | wrītym | wrītyd | wrītyn |
| past I | wryt | wryst | wryt | wrytъm | wrytъd | wryter |
| past II | writъ | writь | writ | writъm | writъd | writъn |
| past subjunctive | writi | writir | writi | writim | writid | writin |
| imperative | - | wrīt! | - | - | wrītъd! | - |
| present participle | wrītъnd | |||||
| past participle | writъnъ | |||||
| tense | ek | þū | ir/sī/it | wīr | jūr | ija |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present indicative | keusa | kiusьrь | kiusьþь | keusъmъ | kiusьd | keusъndь |
| present subjunctive | keusa | keusyr | keusy | keusym | keusyd | keusyn |
| past I | kaus | kaust | kaus | kaurъm | kaurъd | kaurer |
| past II | kusъ | kusь | kus | kurъm | kurъd | kurъn |
| past subjunctive | kuri | kurir | kuri | kurim | kurid | kurin |
| imperative | - | keus! | - | - | kiusьd! | - |
| present participle | keusъnd | |||||
| past participle | kurъnъ | |||||
| tense | ek | þū | ir/sī/it | wīr | jūr | ija |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present indicative | binda | bindьrь | bindьþь | bindъmъ | bindьd | bindъndь |
| present subjunctive | binda | bindyr | bindy | bindym | bindyd | bindyn |
| past I | band | banst | band | bandъm | bandъd | bander |
| past II | bundъ | bundь | bund | bundъm | bundъd | bundъn |
| past subjunctive | bundi | bundir | bundi | bundim | bundid | bundin |
| imperative | - | bind! | - | - | bindьd! | - |
| present participle | bindъnd | |||||
| past participle | bundъnъ | |||||
Adjectives
Adjectives had two declensions:
- a declension following the original PIE adjective declension, and
- a declension using the n-stem declension.
The first paradigm was used for predicative adjectives and circumstantial adjective phrases. The second paradigm was used for attributive adjectives.
Syntax
Constituent order
If the first constituent of a clause was the subject, it was verb final. Otherwise, the verb followed the first constituent, thus using a V2 word order.
Noun phrase
Verb phrase
Sentence phrase
Dependent clauses
Example texts
Schleicher
Skēpъ auk hrussy
Skēpъ, þat wulla ne hafde, hrussy sāw: ynъ þungъnъ wagnъ teuhъndъ, auk ynъ mauranъ hlostъ, auk ynъ gumъnъ sneumъ berъndъ. Nu sagide skēpъ hrussъmъ: "Herta mir darjьþь sewъndy gumъnъ drīfъndъ hrussy." Þanne sagiden hrussy: "Hauri, skēp! Herta unsь darjьþь þana sewъndъmъ: guma, druhten, ūtъ skēpъs wullai wurkiþь sir warmъnъ klyþъ; auk skēpъ wulla ne hafyþь." Þat hauridъ, flauh skēpъ þurh akrъ.