Hantza

Not to be confused with Hadza language.

Hantza
Hantza
Pronunciation	[/ˈhant͡sa/]
Created by	–
Ethnicity	TBA
Native speakers	L1 (TBA) L2
Language family	Language isolate Hantza
Standard form	Standard Hantza
Dialect	Common dialect
Official status
Official language in	TBA
Recognised minority language in	TBA
Regulated by	Hantza Language Council

Hantza is pronounced natively as /ˈhant͡sa/ (phonetically [ˈħ̝änt͡sɐ]) and may be Anglicised to /ˈhænt͡sə/.

I have yet to even begin to imagine the world that this language belongs to. However, as it is 99% of the time with me, it will most likely be a modified version of the real world, not an a priori fantasy world.

Phonology

Main article: Hantza phonology

See also: IPA for Hantza

Consonants

There are eighteen consonant phonemes in Hantza.

	Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m	n		ŋ
Plosive	p b	t d		k	ʔ
Fricative	f	s			h
Affricate		t͡s d͡z
Approx.			j	w
Liquid		r l

In Hantza, /s/ is typically realised as the retracted [s̠] and, for many speakers, it is realised as [ɕ] before /i/. Similarly, /ts/ may become [tɕ] before /i/.

The glottal fricative /h/ is realised differently depending on the vowel that follows it. These allophones are given in the table below:

	Before /a/	Before /e, i	Before /o, u/
Intervocalic	[ɦ̝]	[ç]	[ɦ̝ʷ]
Word-final	[x ~ χ]
Elsewhere	[ħ̝]	[ç]	[ħ̝ʷ]

The single rhotic in Hantza /r/ also has a great many realisations but these differ according to dialect: [ɾ ~ ɹ ~ r ~ ʀ ~ ʁ ~ χ ~ x]. It is also often labialised before /o, u/.

The lateral /l/ is realised as a dark [ɫ] when followed by /k, h/ and as a clear [l] elsewhere.

Vowels

Hantza's vowel inventory is a simple five-vowel system, similar to that of many modern languages, such as Greek and Swahili. Vowel length is not phonemic in Hantza and there are no diphthongs.

	Front	Back
Close	i	u
Mid	e	o
Open	a

With the exception of /a/, vowels do not undergo reduction when unstressed; /a/ is phonetically [ä] when stressed and [ɐ] when unstressed. The remaining four vowels /i, u, e, o/ are usually realised as [ɪ, ʉ, ɛ, ɔ].

Orthography

Main article: Hantza alphabet

With the exception of those listed below, all consonant and vowel phonemes are represented orthographically as in IPA.

• /ŋ/ is written <ng>
• /ts/ is written <tz>
• /dz/ is written <zz>
• /j/ is written <y>
• /ʔ/ is represented by a grave accent on the preceding vowel

Phonotactics

• The basic phonotactic template is (C)(C)V(C)
• Word-initial consonants: only /dz/ is disallowed
• Permitted word-initial clusters: any plosive + /j, w, r, l/ or /s/ + /p, t, k/
• Permitted word-final consonants: /m, n, ŋ, t, d, k, ʔ, s, h, ts, r, l/
• Word-final clusters: none allowed
• Word-final and word-initial vowels: all are allowed
• Medial clusters: any combination involving /dz/ is not permitted
• /ʔ/ can only occur syllable-finally

Morphological and phonological processes

• Reduplication
• Assimilation
• Elision
• Epenthesis
• Lenition
• Metathesis
• Sandhi

Prosody

Stress

As with Czech and Hungarian, the primary stress of a word falls on its first syllable. Secondary normally falls on the first closed syllable thereafter or, failing that, the third syllable of a word. Evidently in disyllabic word the secondary stress is placed on the second syllable.

Stress is not distinctive and is also relatively weak, unlike that of, for example, Russian. It is not indicated in the orthography.

Rhythm

Hantza is a syllable-timed language, that is to say that the duration of every syllable is equal.

Intonation

Intonation is the variation pitch indicating the attitudes and emotions of the speaker, signalling the difference between statements and questions, between different types of question, focusing attention on important elements speech and helping to regulate conversational interaction.

Typology

• Morphology: heavy on the verbal morphology, minimal on the nominal
• Morphosyntactic alignment: nom-acc?
• Agency, animacy
• No gender
• Verbs: polypersonal agreement
• No case marking
• Relational nouns?
• Inalienable possession, possessive prefixes
• Plurals only for animates
• Default word order: VSO
• Non-configurational (new news before the verb (often definite), old news after the verb (often indefinite))
• Topic-comment/thème-rhème & focus
• Head-marking
• Infixes?

Morphology

Broadly speaking, there are three parts of speech in Hantza: nouns, verbs and particles.

Nouns

Main article: Hantza nouns

The category of "noun" (more properly "nominal") in Hadza encompasses what are thought of in English as nouns, attributive adjectives, pronouns and numerals. Nouns are not marked for case and it is usually only animate nouns that are inflected for plurality.

Nouns are inflected for possession by prefixing. Indeed, in some cases this is mandatory (see possession).

Some nouns are in fact verb phrases that have been nominalised by way of an enclitic.

What corresponds to adjectives in English - modifiers - are essentially nouns used in apposition and there is no fixed order

Infixes are sometimes used to derive adjective-like nouns from noun-like nouns, e.g. "sandy" from "sand".

Hantza is a head-marking language.

Verbs

Main article: Hantza verbs

The term "verb" in Hantza also includes predicative adjectives. Predicative adjectives are essentially verbalised nouns.

The verb paradigm is Hantza is almost exclusively prefixing (the exceptions being the mediopassive and evidentiality). These prefixes come in a strict order.

Hantza verbs exhibit polypersonal agreement, as such they are conjugated for subject, direct object and indirect object. As a result Hantza is pro-drop language. The grammatical persons available are given below:

• First person singular
• First person plural
• Second person singular
• Second person plural
• Third person animate singular
• Third person animate plural
• Third person inanimate
• Fourth person (AKA obviative)
• Indefinite
• Reflexive
• Reciprocal

Note that only the persons that used with animate nouns distinguish plural from singular.

Grammatical tense is not a significant category in Hantza verbs (though there is an overt morphological future/non-future distinction). Verbs are instead aspect and mood heavy. This conflation of tense, aspect and mood is termed "mode" in Hantza; there are thirteen such modes.

• Imperfective (unmarked)
• Iterative
• Delimitative
• Perfective
• Retrospective
• Future
• Inchoative
• Cessative
• Irrealis
• Optative
• Cohortative
• Imperative
• Jussive

Hantza is extremely strict in regard to a given verb's transitivity and valency and its required prefixes.

There is a mediopassive voice which is formed by an infix inserted in the verb stem.

Evidentiality is marked on the verb by a suffix.

Particles

Main article: Hantza particles

Adverbs, postpositions, interrogatives, demonstratives, conjunctions and interjections come under "particles".

Syntax

Main article: Hantza syntax

Word order

• Default word order: VSO
• Non-configurational (new news before the verb (often definite), old news after the verb (often indefinite))

Animacy and agency

Things go here.

Relative clauses

Relative clauses

Subordination and coordination

Subordination and coordination

Anaphora, cataphora and deixis

Anaphora, cataphora and deixis

Definiteness

Definite v. indefinite

Focus and topic

Focus and topic (thème/rhème)