Modern Phrygian (Native: βρουζ̌ικιά /vɾuʒiˈɟa/) is modern variety of the Phrygian language.
Introduction
Etymology
Phonology
Orthography
Greek orthography
Alphabet
Letter |
Name |
IPA
|
Α α |
άλφα |
[ˈalfa]
|
Β β |
βέτα |
[ˈved̥a]
|
Γ γ |
γάμμα |
[ˈɣama]
|
Δ δ |
δέλτα |
[ˈðelda]
|
Ε ε |
ε |
[e]
|
Ζ ζ |
ζέτα |
[ˈzed̥a]
|
Ζ̌ ζ̌ |
ζ̌έτα |
[ˈʒed̥a]
|
Η η |
έτα |
[ˈed̥a]
|
Θ θ |
θέτα |
[ˈθed̥a]
|
Ι ι |
γιώτα |
[ˈʝod̥a]
|
|
Letter |
Name |
IPA
|
Κ κ |
κάππα |
[ˈkapa]
|
Λ λ |
λάμπδα |
[ˈlambða]
|
Μ μ |
μου |
[mu]
|
Ν ν |
νου |
[nu]
|
Ξ ξ |
ξι |
[ksi]
|
Ξ̌ ξ̌ |
ξ̌ι |
[kʃi]
|
Ο ο |
ο |
[o]
|
Π π |
πι |
[pi]
|
Ρ ρ |
ρο |
[ro]
|
Σ σ ς |
σίμα |
[ˈsima]
|
|
Letter |
Name |
IPA
|
Σ̌ σ̌ ς̌ |
σ̌ίμα |
[ˈʃima]
|
Τ τ |
ταύ |
[taf]
|
Υ υ |
ου |
[u]
|
Φ φ |
φι |
[fi]
|
Χ χ |
χι |
[çi]
|
Ψ ψ |
ψι |
[psi]
|
Ψ̌ ψ̌ |
ψ̌ι |
[ʔʃi]
|
Ω ω |
ωμέκα |
[oˈmeɡ̊a]
|
|
Consonants
Consonants
Letter
|
Context
|
IPA
|
Examples
|
Remarks
|
β
|
everywhere
|
[v]
|
|
|
γ
|
before front vowels ([e] or [i]).
|
[ʝ]
|
|
|
before velar consonants ([ɡ] or [x])
|
[ŋ]
|
|
This occurs when the following consonant is ⟨ξ⟩, ⟨ξ̌⟩, or non-palatalized ⟨κ⟩ or ⟨χ⟩.
|
before palatal consonants ([ɟ] or [ç])
|
[ɲ]
|
|
This occurs when the following consonant is palatalized ⟨κ⟩ or ⟨χ⟩.
|
everywhere else
|
[ɣ]
|
|
|
γγ
|
before front vowel
|
[ɲ]
|
|
|
elsewhere
|
[ŋ]
|
|
|
γι
|
before vowels
|
[ʝ]
|
|
|
γγι
|
before vowels
|
[ɲ]
|
|
|
δ
|
everywhere
|
[ð]
|
|
ει
|
after a consonant and before a vowel
|
[ʝ]
|
|
|
ζ
|
everywhere
|
[z]
|
|
|
ζ̌
|
everywhere
|
[ʒ]
|
|
|
η
|
after a consonant and before a vowel
|
[ʝ]
|
|
|
θ
|
everywhere
|
[θ]
|
|
|
ι
|
as a semivowel
|
[ʝ]
|
|
This occurs when ⟨ι⟩ is preceded by a consonant other than ⟨γ⟩, ⟨κ⟩, ⟨χ⟩, ⟨λ⟩, or ⟨ν⟩ and followed by a vowel.
|
κ
|
after vowel or liquid and before front vowel ([e] or [i]).
|
[ɟ̊]
|
|
|
after vowel or liquid otherwise
|
[ɡ̊]
|
|
|
after nasal before front vowel
|
[ɟ]
|
|
|
after nasal otherwise
|
[ɡ]
|
|
|
everywhere else before front vowel
|
[c]
|
|
|
otherwise
|
[k]
|
|
|
κκ
|
before front vowel
|
[c]
|
|
|
otherwise
|
[k]
|
|
|
κι
|
after vowel or liquid and before a vowel
|
[ɟ̊]
|
|
|
after nasal before a vowel
|
[ɟ]
|
|
|
otherwise before a vowel
|
[c]
|
|
|
κκι
|
before a vowel
|
[c]
|
|
|
κζ
|
everywhere
|
[ɡz]
|
|
|
κζ̌
|
everywhere
|
[ɡʒ]
|
|
|
λ(λ)
|
everywhere
|
[l]
|
|
|
λ(λ)ι
|
before a vowel
|
[ʎ]
|
|
|
μ(μ)
|
everywhere
|
[m]
|
|
|
ν
|
non-final
|
[n]
|
|
|
final
|
[-̃, ɰ̃]
|
|
Nasalizes the preceding vowel.
|
νν
|
everywhere
|
[n]
|
|
|
ν(ν)ι
|
before a vowel
|
[ɲ]
|
|
|
ξ
|
everywhere
|
[ks]
|
|
|
ξ̌
|
everywhere
|
[kʃ]
|
|
|
οι
|
after a consonant and before a vowel
|
[ʝ]
|
|
|
ου
|
after a consonant or word-initial and before a vowel
|
[w]
|
|
|
π
|
after vowel or liquid
|
[b̥]
|
|
|
after nasal
|
[b]
|
|
|
|
otherwise
|
[p]
|
|
|
ππ
|
everywhere
|
[p]
|
|
|
πζ
|
everywhere
|
[bz]
|
|
|
πζ̌
|
everywhere
|
[bʒ]
|
|
|
ρ(ρ)
|
[r ~ ɾ]
|
|
In free variation.
|
σ(σ)
|
[s]
|
|
|
τ
|
after vowel or liquid
|
[d̥]
|
|
|
after nasal
|
[d]
|
|
|
|
otherwise
|
[t]
|
|
|
ττ
|
everywhere
|
[t]
|
|
|
τσ
|
everywhere
|
[ts]
|
|
|
τσ̌
|
everywhere
|
[tʃ]
|
|
|
τζ
|
everywhere
|
[dz]
|
|
|
τζ̌
|
everywhere
|
[dʒ]
|
|
|
υ
|
after a consonant and before a vowel
|
[ʝ]
|
|
|
after ⟨α⟩ or ⟨ε⟩ and before a nasal consonant
|
[m]
|
|
|
after ⟨α⟩ or ⟨ε⟩ and word-final or before a voiceless consonant
|
[f]
|
|
|
after ⟨α⟩ or ⟨ε⟩ otherwise
|
[v]
|
|
|
φ
|
everywhere
|
[t]
|
|
|
χ
|
before front vowel
|
[ç]
|
|
|
otherwise
|
[x]
|
|
|
χι
|
before vowel
|
[ç]
|
|
|
ψ
|
everywhere
|
[ps]
|
|
|
ψ̌
|
everywhere
|
[pʃ]
|
|
|
Vowels
Monophthong Vowels
Letter
|
IPA
|
Examples |
Remarks
|
α
|
[a]
|
|
Actually closer to [ä].
|
ε
|
[e]
|
|
Actually closer to [e̞].
|
αι
|
|
ι
|
[i]
|
|
|
η
|
|
|
υ
|
|
|
ει
|
|
|
οι
|
|
|
υι
|
|
|
ο
|
[o]
|
|
Actually closer to [o̞].
|
ω
|
|
ου
|
[u]
|
|
|
Consonants
Vowels
Prosody
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Morphology
Syntax
Constituent order
Noun phrase
Verb phrase
Sentence phrase
Dependent clauses
Example texts
Other resources
Notes