Calusto

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Calusto
Kaloust
𐌊𐌀𐌋𐌏𐌖𐌔𐌕
Pronunciation[ka'lu:sto]
Created byFox Saint-Just
Date2017
Language codes
CLCR---

Calusto is an a posteriori language created by user Fox Saint-Just in 2017. It is based on Indo-European languages.

Introduction

Calusto was created for a literary project, as an Indo-European language that was lost during the Roman expansion and later artificially reconstructed. Thus, despite having an alphabet derived from Old Italic script and a grammar influenced by Latin, Calusto's vocabulary includes a large amount of words common to the languages of the Silk Road, including Chinese.

Its name derives from the word 𐌊𐌀𐌋𐌏𐌖 for "mist", making the meaning of Calusto close to "misty".

Phonology

Vowels

Calusto has long and short vowels.

Front Central Back
Close i iː y yː1 u uː
Close-mid e e: ø o o:
Open-mid ɛ ɛː ə2 ɔ ɔː
Open a aː

1/y:/ is very rare.
2/ə/ is not related to a specific letter or combination of letters.

Consonants

→ PoA
↓ Manner
Labial Labiodental Alveolar Post-alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasals 𐌌 m 𐌍 n 𐌍𐌝 ɲ1
Plosives Voiceless 𐌐 p 𐌕 t 𐌊 k
𐌒
Voiced 𐌁 b 𐌃 d 𐌂 ɡ
Affricates 𐌕𐌆 ts
𐌆 dz
𐌙 t̠ʃ
𐌃𐌚 d̠ʒ1
Fricatives Voiceless 𐌘 ɸ 𐌔 s 𐌑 ʃ
𐌚 ʒ
𐌗 x 𐌇 h
Voiced 𐌅 v
𐌈 θ
𐌔 z 𐌂𐌇 ɣ1
Liquids 𐌓 r
𐌋 l
𐌋𐌝 ʎ1
Approximants 𐌝 j

1 Used only in loanwords.

Stress

Generally, words ending in consonant are stressed on the third to last syllable, while words ending in vowels are stressed on the penultimate one.

Orthography

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

Calusto has three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter) and five cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, ablative).

Declensions

Nouns and adjective follow a system of five declensions. Few names follow an irregular declension.

The -os declension includes names and adjectives that are mostly masculine. The paradigm is given for the word 𐌔𐌖𐌍𐌏𐌔 ("son").

Singular Plural
Nominative 𐌔𐌖𐌍𐌏𐌔
synos
𐌔𐌖𐌍𐌉
syni
Accusative 𐌔𐌖𐌍𐌏𐌍
synon
𐌔𐌖𐌍𐌏𐌖𐌔
synous
Genitive 𐌔𐌖𐌍𐌉
syni
𐌔𐌖𐌍𐌏𐌌
synom
Dative 𐌔𐌖𐌍𐌏
syno
𐌔𐌖𐌍𐌉𐌔
synis
Ablative 𐌔𐌖𐌍𐌏𐌃
synod
𐌔𐌖𐌍𐌏𐌉𐌔
synois

The -a declension includes names and adjectives that are mostly feminine. The paradigm is given for the word 𐌙𐌄𐌓𐌀 ("face").

Singular Plural
Nominative 𐌙𐌄𐌓𐌀
čera
𐌙𐌄𐌓𐌀𐌄
čerae
Accusative 𐌙𐌄𐌓𐌀𐌍
čeran
𐌙𐌄𐌓𐌀𐌔
čeras
Genitive 𐌙𐌄𐌓𐌀𐌔
čeras
𐌙𐌄𐌓𐌀𐌌
čeram
Dative 𐌙𐌄𐌓𐌄
čere
𐌙𐌄𐌓𐌉𐌔
čeris
Ablative 𐌙𐌄𐌓𐌀𐌃
čerad
𐌙𐌄𐌓𐌀𐌉𐌔
čerais

The -on declension contains exclusively neutral names and is similar to the neuter Indo-European o-stem declension or the Latin -um one. Nouns ending -ōn do not belong to this declension. The paradigm is given for the word 𐌇𐌄𐌉𐌌𐌏𐌍 ("winter").

Singular Plural
Nominative 𐌇𐌄𐌉𐌌𐌏𐌍
heimon
𐌇𐌄𐌉𐌌𐌀
heima
Accusative 𐌇𐌄𐌉𐌌𐌏𐌍
heimon
𐌇𐌄𐌉𐌌𐌀
heima
Genitive 𐌇𐌄𐌉𐌌𐌉
heimi
𐌇𐌄𐌉𐌌𐌏𐌌
heimom
Dative 𐌇𐌄𐌉𐌌𐌏
heimo
𐌇𐌄𐌉𐌌𐌏𐌍
heimis'
Ablative 𐌇𐌄𐌉𐌌𐌏𐌃
heimod
𐌇𐌄𐌉𐌌𐌏𐌉𐌔
heimois

Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Other resources