Balearic Hebrew
Phonology
Consonants
Balearic Hebrew has 19 consonantal phonemes.
| Labial | Dental | Denti-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Pharyngeal | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | emphatic | ||||||||
| Nasal | m | n | |||||||
| Stop | voiceless | t | tˤ | k | ʔ | ||||
| voiced | b | d | g | ||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s | sˤ2 | ʃ | ħ | h | ||
| voiced | ð1 | ||||||||
| Trill | r | ||||||||
| Approximant | l | j | |||||||
1 In Balearic Hebrew, /ð/ is considered a phoneme despite having a confusing allophonic relationship with /d/ and /r/.
2The emphatic fricative has various pronunciations due to Iberian influence. Besides the pharyngealized pronunciation, it is most often pronounced as a denti-alveolar voiceless affricate /ts/, as in Modern Hebrew.
Various consonants characteristic of the Biblical era have been lost.
One of the most notable changes in the consonantal system is the complete loss of the /p/ phoneme. Likely due to Berber influence, the stops /b g d p t/ lenite to the fricatives /β γ ð f θ/ intervocalically. /p/ lenited in all positions to /f/, as it was in Proto-Arabic.
Historical sound changes
Balearic Hebrew has undergone various sound changes because of Berber, Punic, and Latin influence. It differs radically from Biblical Hebrew, and Mishnaic Hebrew in terms of pronunciation.
- Like in Levantine Hebrew, the ancient dual pronounciations of het and ayin merged into two possible phonemes: /ħ/ and /ʕ/ respectively.
- As in Samaritan Hebrew, the phoneme /ɬ/ merged with /ʃ/ instead of /s/, as in Tiberian Hebrew.
- BH qoph /q/ merged with either /g/ or /ʔ/.
- BH ayin /ʕ/ merged with /g/ or /h/.
- BH waw /w/ merged with /b/ always. /b/ is also in free variation with /v/ or /β/, a phenomenon known as betacism common in Iberian Romance languages.
- BH zayin /z/ devoiced to /s/.
- BH resh became /r/. Like in Spanish, /r/ is pronounced as a tap within the word, but as a trill beginning one.
- Final /h/ is lost and never pronounced in Balearic Hebrew.
Historical Spirantization and Allophony
Similar to the Hebrew dialects spoken in the Levant, the stops /p t b d g/ underwent spirantization in Balearic Hebrew. /k/ is never spirantized, unlike the Aramaic-influenced speech of the Levant.
| Letter | Stop | Allophone |
|---|---|---|
| pe | p | ɸ ~ f |
| taw | t | θ |
| bet | b | β ~ v |
| dalet | d | ð |
| gimel | g | ɣ ~ ŋ |
While previously allophonic in pronunciation, the /p/ phoneme has completely lenited into /f/. The rest of the stops, /t b d g/ are essentially in free variation with their allophones. The non-stop pronunciation is more typical between vowels, but speakers do not distinguish these sounds from their stop pairings.
Additionally, the /r/ sound can be pronounced /ð/ between vowels, though this is an archaic pronunciation. Generally it is a tap intervocalically, but many speakers confuse the sounds.
Vowels
The vowel system of Balearic Hebrew is much more conservative compared to modern Hebrew pronunciations. Nevertheless, there are significant differences that contrast Balearic Hebrew from its ancestor, Biblical Hebrew.
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | ɪ | u |
| Mid | e | o | |
| Open | a |