Hivantish
Pages with the prefix 'Hivantish' in the and 'Talk' namespaces:
| Hivantish | |
|---|---|
| Hivantutåzuar | |
| Pronunciation | [/hivantuta:zuár/] |
| Created by | User:Praimhín |
| Setting | Verse:Irta |
| Native speakers | 446 million (2016) |
Indo-European
| |
Hivantish (Hivantutåzuár /hivantuta:zuár/ or Hivantáa taazuár /hivantáː da:zuár/; hivantúr is from *sebʰ- 'reflexive' + *-ntós 'Caland adjective suffix', thus 'of [our] own', or Prisinitáa tåzuár "natural language") is an isolated branch within the Indo-European language family, loosely inspired by Icelandic, Greenlandic, Old Persian and Proto-Celtic. Before the era of Hivantish literature, a specially constructed language referred to as ??? "refined language" was used in religious and other writings; with the advent of Hivantish druidism, the common language became increasingly popular as the language of literature, hence the designation "natural language".
Ancient Hivantish was a classical satem IE language with a grammar very similar to today's Balto-Slavic languages and had a significant corpus of druidic lore. This continued through the Middle Hivantish period where the language underwent considerable simplification, along the lines of Modern Greek, and an influx of words from Inuit, Irish, Greek, Romance and Azalic languages, especially English. Modern Hivantish is very similar to Middle Hivantish but underwent a spelling reform due to the sometimes idiosyncratic and irregular ways in which non-Romance vocabulary in Hivantish was transcribed in the Roman alphabet.
Modern Hivantish (Úruhivantisur tåzvar /u:ruhivandisur tO:zvar/) is the most widely spoken descendant of Hivantish, and it's inspired by Modern Greek and Icelandic, drawing on phonological, diachronic and grammatical similarities between the two languages.
Modern Hivantish has two registers, a literary one drawing heavily from Ancient Hivantish and making use of mostly native vocabulary (c.f. Háfrónska and Katharevousa), and spoken Hivantish which has lots of loanwords from English, Greek and Irish.
Modern Hivantish derives mostly from the Tremisian dialect of Ancient Hivantish but there is some koineization from northern dialects.
Todo
- Marked nominatives as in Greek and Icelandic
- The case inventory is reduced to nom/acc/dat/gen; definite article (postposed but a separate word)
- Possessive pronouns follow nouns
- Mediopassive
- Retracted /s/; dental fricatives
- Ancient Hivantish y from *ū -> i (spelled y)
- Hivantish can end sentences with prepositions
- æ pronounced /e:/ from *ai?
- in and at should mean the same as in English
- pitch accent lost -- should become stød?
- -o-os → -a-ur instead of -u-ur?
Phonology
a á é i ó u ú y æ ö
ll: lateral fricative
rr: uvular fricative (these can start words)
r: uvular
Some accents of Hivantish have r-vocalization/are nonrhotic - word final R surfaces as compensatory lengthening or offglides.
tķ -> þ
/mp nt nk/ pronounced as [mb nd ŋg] (as in Greek)
Grammar
Noun genders are significantly leveled (most -ar and -ir nouns are masculine, with the exception of personal names and abstract nouns in -tir)
The demonstrative is innur, cognate with the Proto-Celtic *sindos.
-llu: equivalent of -tion as well as the native tool suffix?
Adjectives
"old"
nom: hinur, hina, hin, pl. hinyr
gen/dat: hinæ, pl. hinyn/hinavur (depending on dialect)
acc: hin, hina, hin, pl. hinyr
Nouns
-r stem nouns
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | valkur | valkår |
| Genitive | valkå | valkų |
| Dative | valkæ | valkavur |
| Accusative | valk | valkúr |
| Ablative | valkut | valkavur |
| Vocative | valki! | valkår! |
Thematic neuters
-a stem nouns
-i and -u stem nouns
-ma nouns
Lexicon
- ingnir 'fire' (influenced by Inuit)
- irta 'earth'
- wæ 'woe'
- wutra "water"
- úrur "new" (cognate with Albanian ri)
- hynur "son"
- hinur "old"
- jysur "young"
- hama "summer"
- zyma "winter"
- åzur "narrow"
- hyrur "wide" (~ gjerë in Albanian, hir in Welsh)
- tyntur "long" (<- duh2-ntos)
- micur "big"
- lytinur "little, small"
- rruma "stream"
- ösur "horse"
- kúr "cow"
- zwérir "beast"
- zwérinur "wild"
- akir "eye"
- náhur "nose"
- urr "mouth", random conflation of wekwtrom and Heh1s
- zénar "hand" <- g'hesn-
- sirtar "heart"
- astronómur "astronomer"
- apológija "apology"
- musæ "museum"
- fænómen "phenomenon"
- kentru "center"
- vútur "butter"
- lampar "lamp"
- rród "rose"
- læwa "olive"
- informallu "information"
- informallisur "informative"
- nåwur "(poetic) boat"
- húrnur "good" (< h1su-h2r-nos)
- lúhna "moon"
- vaður 'spear' (< bhodh-os)
- garur 'expert' (< gher- 'to grasp')
Todo: develop Hivantic synonyms
Inuit loans:
- ævir 'walrus' (aiviq)
- avinngar 'lemming'
- uxur 'blubber' (uqsuq)
- kajar 'boat' (doublet of kajak, a reborrowing through English)
- åsivar 'spider'
- illu 'house' (alternate etymology of English igloo)
- tikir 'finger' (sometimes explained from PIE)
- arvær 'whale'
Names
- Hucinur ~ Eugene (m)
- Arþur 'bear' (m)
- Åsivar 'spider' (m) (aasivaq)
- Amarur 'wolf' (m) (amaruq)
- Vaðgarur (m), from vaður 'spear' + garur 'expert' (random o to a shift)?
Sample texts
Schleicher's Fable
Awir iswårki
Awir, juhmai walinå nēm issi, iwiti iswūr, ainų garų waznų tinngantą, ainunki mizalų kråmą, ainunki zamuną asu virantą. Awir nū iswavur iwaki: "Sartar anngitur mai, witantī zamuną iswūr azantą." Iswår nū awī iwakēr: "Asauhē, awi, sartar anngitur ahmai witantavur citut: Zamū, tēmputir, ut awijūm walinåt karnit hai girmų wihmą. Awī nū walinå nēm eht." Awir nū citut slauhåwur į plånų ivuki.