Prime Pidgin of Antarctica (PPA)
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Introduction
Phonology
Orthography
Consonants
Vowels
Prosody
Stress
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Morphology
Syntax
Constituent order
Noun phrase
Verb phrase
Sentence phrase
Dependent clauses
Example texts
Other resources
|Type =No |Alignment =No |Head =No |Tonal =No |Declined =No |Conjugated =No |Genders =No |Case =No |NNumber =No |Definiteness =No |Gender =No |Voice =No |Mood =No |Person =No |VNumber =No |Tense =No |Aspect =No |NounCases =No |NounDefinite =No |NounNumber =No |NounGender =No |VerbPerson =No |VerbNumber =No |VerbAspect =No |VerbTense =No |VerbMood =No |VerbVoice =No |AdjCase =No |AdjNumber =No |AdjDefinite =No |AdjGender =No |AdjComparative =No |AdjSuperlative =No |Supine =No |Gerund =No |Participle =No |Infinitive =No |Modality =No |Phonology =No |Words =No |Creator =Caesar05
Prime Pidgin of Antarctica (PPA) also known as Prime Antarctic Pidgin (PAP) is a future language of the Antarctic Peninsula spoken around the year 2050 and 2250 that began to form between the 2010s and 2020s. Pidgin emerged in response to the growing communication needs of the multilingual community of scientists living in Antarctica, who switched languages interchangeably, with basic English as the common interlingua. As communication grew, the pidgin grew stronger.
The first children born on the Antarctic Peninsula adopted PPA as their mother tongue. Thus, PPA began to creolize, creating a compact grammar that transformed pidgin into a functional language, from its origins as a simple sum of words without a stable grammar. PPA was the first stage in the development of the first language family known in the Antarctic continent.
Classification, Dialects and proto-Antarctican
As most of its lexicon comes from the Indo-European languages, it can be said to be part of this family; in many respects it can be said to be an English-based pidgin, although it has quite a lot of foreign vocabulary and the grammatical base is un-English.
Like all languages it has dialects, but in the pidgin phase these small variations depend on the origin of the speakers, as each speaks his own language, pidgin emerges as a simple language of commerce.
Once the pidgin was creolized, the speakers were divided into three dialects or three stratified groups: nuclear, central and peripheral.
- Group A: nuclear PPA (descendant of late PPA).
- Group B: Central PPA (indistinct mixture of groups A and B).
- Group C: peripheral PPA (descendant of early PPA).
proto-Antarctican descends from a realignment of the Antarctic sociolinguistic system that occurred around 2250. proto-Antarctican emerged as a Creole of Creoles, presumably descended from Central PPA. During this reorganization, words and meanings were reclassified, giving rise to cultured words derived from the early PPA and vulgar words derived from the late PPA.
Phonology
The phonology of the PPA pidgin was initially very unstable, as most words retained the pronunciation of their source language. In the creolization phase, the various sounds will begin to form a coherent phonetic set and sound system for vowels and consonants. During pidgin formation, languages reduced their phonotactics to a minimum to make their messages more understandable. See: Early PPA and Late PPA
Phonology of Early PPA (year 2050-2150)
The first stable phonemic inventory after pidgin creolization was the result of the unconscious agreement of the first speakers. Initially, after the complex evolutions that the phonemes of the original languages underwent, it consisted of a set of 43 phonemes: 19 consonants, 11 sonorants, 2 approximants, 11 vowels and 3 or 2 tones. The number of tones depends on the analysis.
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | ||
| Stop | Voiceless | p | t | ʈ | c | k | ʔ |
| Voiced | b | d | ɟ | g | |||
| Fricative | Voiceless | f | s | ʃ | x | h | |
| Voiced | v | z | ʒ | ɣ | |||
| Liquid | Rhotic | β | r | ɻ | ɾ | ||
| Lateral | l | ɭ | |||||
Vowels and approximants
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Approximant | j | w | |
| High | i | ɨ | u |
| ɪ | ʊ | ||
| Mid | e | ə | o |
| ɛ | ɔ | ||
| Low | a |
Tones
While it is true that the tones were pronounced in the early PPA stage, they were not inherited in either the late PPA stage or the proto-Antarctican stage. Therefore, they will not be transcribed, as they are not relevant to later descendants.
| Complex | Simplified | Diacritic | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | ˦˥ | ˦ | á (Acute accent) |
| Mid | ˦˧˨ | (˧) | a (Without accent) |
| Low | ˨˩ | ˨ | à (Grave accent) |
Phonology of Late PPA (year 2150-2250)
Subsequently, the phonemic inventory was halved, merging whole phonemes, eliminating tones and leaving only 21 phonemes: 9 consonants, 5 sonorants, 2 approximants, 5 vowels and 0 tones.
Consonants
| Labial | Coronal | Dorsal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |
| Stop | Voiceless | p | t | k |
| Voiced | b | d | g | |
| Fricative | f | s | h | |
| Liquid | Rhotic | r | ||
| Lateral | l | |||
Vowels and approximants
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Approximant | j | w | |
| High | i | u | |
| Mid | e | o | |
| Low | a |
Writing System
At first, the writing system remained intact, with each word retaining its original spelling as it was written in its language of origin. Later, when pidgin became common, the writing system was reduced to a minimum by eliminating auxiliary signs and all other alphabets, keeping only the basic Latin alphabet of 26 letters. However, words can be written in any of the original alphabets. Possibly, the Latin alphabet continued to be used for quite some time until the appearance of the traditional Antarctic script.
| N. | Letter | IPA | Name | Origin | N. | Letter | IPA | Name | Origin | N. | Letter | IPA | Name | Origin |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | m | /m/ | em | English | 2 | i | /i/ | i | English | 3 | c | /k/ | kii | English |
| 4 | y | /j/ | jaɪ | English | 5 | u | /u/ | u | English | 6 | a | /a/ | a | English |
| 7 | p | /p/ | pii | English | 8 | w | /w/ | wii | English | 9 | n | /n/ | en | English |
| 10 | t | /t/ | tii | English | 11 | l | /l/ | el | English | 12 | s | /s/ | es | English |
| 13 | b | /b/ | bii | English | 14 | ng | /ŋ/ | eŋ | English | 15 | e | /e/ | e | English |
| 16 | o | /o/ | o | English | 17 | g | /g/ | gii | English | 18 | h | /h/ | heɪtʃ | English |
| 19 | d | /d/ | dii | English | 20 | r | /r/ | ere | Spanish | 21 | f | /f/ | efe | Spanish |
| 22 | ñ | /ɲ/ | eɲe | Spanish | 23 | ch | /ʃ/ | ʃe | Spanish | 24 | - | /ʔ/ | giʔon | Spanish |
| 25 | é | /ɛ/ | ɛ | Spanish | 26 | ó | /ɔ/ | ɔ | Spanish | 27 | z | /z/ | zeta | Spanish |
| 28 | ll | /ʒ/ | eʒe | Spanish | 29 | v | /v/ | ve | Spanish | 30 | р | /ɾ/ | ɛɾ | Russian |
| 31 | а | /ə/ | ə | Russian | 32 | х | /x/ | xa | Russian | 33 | ы | /ɨ/ | ɨ | Russian |
| 34 | tt | /ʈ/ | ʈe | French | 35 | ㅣ | /ɪ/ | ɪ | Korean | 36 | ガ | /ɣ/ | ɣa | Japanese |
| 37 | 七 | /c/ | cii | Chinese | 38 | ù | /ʊ/ | ʊ | Italian | 39 | nk | /ɳ/ | ɛɳ | German |
| 40 | ज | /ɟ/ | ɟə | Hindi | 41 | lh | /ɭ/ | ɛɭi | Portuguese | 42 | wh | /β/ | βee | Dutch |
| 43 | р' | /ɻ/ | ɛɻ | Ukrainian |
Grammar
Nouns
Verbs
Syntax
Lexicon
Origin of lexicon
The data on the languages of origin of the words are based on the official and most spoken languages of the countries with scientific and military stations and bases in Antarctica between 2010 and 2020. For a while there was speculation that the 10 most spoken languages in the world at that time might have contributed a small addition of words, but this hypothesis was later discarded.
| Language | Words |
|---|---|
| English | 467 |
| Spanish | 248 |
| Russian | 105 |
| French | 32 |
| Korean | 30 |
| Japanese | 29 |
| Chinese | 28 |
| Italian | 23 |
| German | 18 |
| Hindi | 17 |
| Portuguese | 15 |
| Dutch | 14 |
| Norwegian | 10 |
| Polish | 10 |
| Ukrainian | 5 |
| Afrikaans | 4 |
| Xhosa | 4 |
| Zulu | 4 |
| Swedish | 4 |
| Finnish | 3 |
| Czech | 2 |
| Romanian | 2 |
| Bulgarian | 2 |
It is assumed that most words retained their original pronunciation, spelling and meaning in the early pidgin phase, although this changed later. See: proto-Antarctican.
Origin of vocabulary
Below is the list of words derived from each source language. The evolution of each of the pronunciations for the first phase (early PPA) and second phase (late PPA) of pidgin can be seen.
| Meaning | Category | Source language | Original writing | Original pronunciation | Simplified scheme |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| yesterday | adverb | Afrikaans | gister | ˈχəs.tər | χəstər |
| skirt | noun | Afrikaans | rok | rɔk | rɔk |
| trousers | noun | Afrikaans | broek | bruk | bruk |
| yesterday | noun | Afrikaans | gister | ˈχəs.tər | χəstər |
| haveto | modalverb | Bulgarian | trjábvam (тря́бвам ) | ˈtrʲa̟bvəm | tɾabvəm |
| icecream | noun | Bulgarian | sladoléd (сладоле́д) | sɫədoˈlʲɛt | sɫədoʎɛt |
| angry | adjective | Chinese | fènnù (憤怒) | fə̀nnʷùː | fənɴuu |
| busy | adjective | Chinese | máng (忙) | máŋ | maŋ |
| sick | adjective | Chinese | bìng (病) | pʲə̀ŋ | ɸpəŋ |
| welcome | adjective | Chinese | shòuhuānyíng (受歡迎) | ʂə̀uxʷǣnjə́ŋ | ʂəuχænjəŋ |
| welcome | exclamation | Chinese | huānyíng guānglín (歡迎光臨) | xʷǣnjə́ŋkʷāŋlʲín | χænjəŋqaŋʎin |
| yes | exclamation | Chinese | shìde (是的) | ʂʐ̩̀ːtɤ | ʂʐʐtɤ |
| aunt | noun | Chinese | yímā (姨媽) | íːmāː | iimaa |
| bicycle | noun | Chinese | zìxíngchē (自行車) | tsz̩̀ːɕə́ŋʈʂʰɤ̄ː | tszzɕəŋʈθʂɤɤ |
| bike | noun | Chinese | zìxíngchē (自行車) | tsz̩̀ːɕə́ŋʈʂʰɤ̄ː | tszzɕəŋʈθʂɤɤ |
| blog | noun | Chinese | bókè (博客) | pʷóːkʰɤ̀ː | fpookxɤɤ |
| bread | noun | Chinese | miànbāo (麵包) | mʲæ̀npāu | βmænpau |
| cheese | noun | Chinese | qǐsī (起司) | tɕʰǐːsz̩̄ː | tθɕiiszz |
| chicken | noun | Chinese | jī (雞) | tɕīː | tɕii |
| classroom | noun | Chinese | kètáng (課堂) | kʰɤ̀ːtʰáŋ | kxɤɤtθaŋ |
| cooking | noun | Chinese | pēng (烹) | pʰə̄ŋ | pfəŋ |
| dish | noun | Chinese | pánzi (盤子) | pʰǽntsz̩ | pfæntsz |
| dollar | noun | Chinese | měiyuán (美元) | mə̌iɥǽn | məiɥæn |
| grandmother | noun | Chinese | zǔmǔ (祖母) | tsʷǔːmʷǔː | tʂuuvmuu |
| nose | noun | Chinese | bízi (鼻子) | pʲíːtsz̩ | ɸpiitsz |
| photograph | noun | Chinese | zhàopiàn (照片) | ʈʂàupʰʲæ̀n | ʈʂaupɸæn |
| routine | noun | Chinese | chángguī (常規) | ʈʂʰáŋkʷə̄i | ʈθʂaŋqəi |
| spelling | noun | Chinese | pīnzì (拼字) | pʰʲīntsz̩̀ː | pɸintszz |
| Thursday | noun | Chinese | zhōusì (週四) | ʈʂə̄usz̩̀ː | ʈʂəuszz |
| Tuesday | noun | Chinese | zhōu'èr (週二) | ʈʂə̄uə̀r | ʈʂəuər |
| seventeen | number | Chinese | shíqī (十七) | ʂʐ̩́ːtɕʰīː | ʂʐʐtθɕii |
| climb | verb | Chinese | pāndēng (攀登) | pʰǣntə̄ŋ | pfæntəŋ |
| hate | verb | Chinese | hèn (恨) | xə̀n | xən |
| welcome | verb | Chinese | huānyíng (歡迎) | xʷǣnjə́ŋ | χænjəŋ |
| thirsty | adjective | Czech | žíznivý | ˈʒiːzɲɪviː | ʒiizɲɪvii |
| grandparent | noun | Czech | prarodič | ˈpra-ˈroɟɪt͡ʃ | praroɟɪtʃ |
| hello | exclamation | Dutch | hallo | ɦɑˈloː | ɦɑloo |
| hey | exclamation | Dutch | hoi | ɦɔi̯ | ɦɔi |
| OK | exclamation | Dutch | oké | oˈke | oke |
| banana | noun | Dutch | banaan | baːˈnaːn | baanaan |
| bathroom | noun | Dutch | badkamer | ˈbɑtˌkaː.mər | bɑtkaamər |
| dad | noun | Dutch | pa | paː | paa |
| lesson | noun | Dutch | les | lɛs | lɛs |
| sandwich | noun | Dutch | sandwich | ˈsɛnd.ʋɪtʃ | sɛndʋɪtʃ |
| supermarket | noun | Dutch | supermarkt | ˈsy.pərˌmɑrkt | sypərmɑrkt |
| toilet | noun | Dutch | wc | ʋeːˈseː | ʋeesee |
| vegetable | noun | Dutch | groente | ˈɣrun.tə | ɣruntə |
| somebody | pronoun | Dutch | iemand | ˈi.mɑnt | imɑnt |
| thank | verb | Dutch | bedanken | bəˈdɑŋkə(n) | bədɑŋkən |
| wash | verb | Dutch | wassen | ˈʋɑsə(n) | ʋɑsən |
| best | adjective | English | best | best | best |
| big | adjective | English | big | bɪg | bɪg |
| black | adjective | English | black | blæk | blæk |
| blue | adjective | English | blue | bluː | bluu |
| brown | adjective | English | brown | bɹaʊn | bɹaʊn |
| capital | adjective | English | capital | ˈkæpɪtl | kæpɪtl |
| common | adjective | English | common | ˈkɒɑːmən | kɒɑɑmən |
| different | adjective | English | different | ˈdɪfɹənt | dɪfɹənt |
| early | adjective | English | early | ˈɜːɹli | ɜɜɹli |
| east | adjective | English | east | iːst | iist |
| family | adjective | English | family | ˈfæməli | fæməli |
| few | adjective | English | few | fjuː | fjuu |
| final | adjective | English | final | ˈfaɪnl | faɪnl |
| free | adjective | English | free | fɹiː | fɹii |
| front | adjective | English | front | fɹʌnt | fɹʌnt |
| full | adjective | English | full | fʊl | fʊl |
| good | adjective | English | good | gʊd | gʊd |
| great | adjective | English | great | gɹeɪt | gɹeɪt |
| green | adjective | English | green | gɹiːn | gɹiin |
| high | adjective | English | high | haɪ | haɪ |
| important | adjective | English | important | ɪmˈpɔːɹtnt | ɪmpɔɔɹtnt |
| large | adjective | English | large | lɑːɹdʒ | lɑɑɹdʒ |
| late | adjective | English | late | leɪt | leɪt |
| left | adjective | English | left | left | left |
| light | adjective | English | light | laɪt | laɪt |
| little | adjective | English | little | ˈlɪtl | lɪtl |
| local | adjective | English | local | ˈləʊkl | ləʊkl |
| long | adjective | English | long | lɒɔːŋ | lɒɔɔŋ |
| main | adjective | English | main | meɪn | meɪn |
| married | adjective | English | married | ˈmæɹid | mæɹid |
| modern | adjective | English | modern | ˈmɒɑːdəɹn | mɒɑɑdəɹn |
| natural | adjective | English | natural | ˈnætʃɹəl | nætʃɹəl |
| near | adjective | English | near | nɪəɹ | nɪəɹ |
| new | adjective | English | new | njuː | njuu |
| next | adjective | English | next | nekst | nekst |
| north | adjective | English | north | nɔːɹθ | nɔɔɹθ |
| old | adjective | English | old | əʊld | əʊld |
| only | adjective | English | only | ˈəʊnli | əʊnli |
| open | adjective | English | open | ˈəʊpən | əʊpən |
| other | adjective | English | other | ˈʌðəɹ | ʌðəɹ |
| own | adjective | English | own | əʊn | əʊn |
| personal | adjective | English | personal | ˈpɜːɹsənl | pɜɜɹsənl |
| popular | adjective | English | popular | ˈpɒɑːpjələɹ | pɒɑɑpjələɹ |
| possible | adjective | English | possible | ˈpɒɑːsəbl | pɒɑɑsəbl |
| present | adjective | English | present | ˈpɹeznt | pɹeznt |
| real | adjective | English | real | ˈɹiːəl | ɹiiəl |
| red | adjective | English | red | ɹed | ɹed |
| right | adjective | English | right | ɹaɪt | ɹaɪt |
| same | adjective | English | same | seɪm | seɪm |
| short | adjective | English | short | ʃɔːɹt | ʃɔɔɹt |
| similar | adjective | English | similar | ˈsɪmələɹ | sɪmələɹ |
| small | adjective | English | small | smɔːl | smɔɔl |
| south | adjective | English | south | saʊθ | saʊθ |
| special | adjective | English | special | ˈspeʃl | speʃl |
| strong | adjective | English | strong | stɹɒɔːŋ | stɹɒɔɔŋ |
| well | adjective | English | well | wel | wel |
| west | adjective | English | west | west | west |
| white | adjective | English | white | waɪt | waɪt |
| young | adjective | English | young | jʌŋ | jʌŋ |
| about | adverb | English | about | əˈbaʊt | əbaʊt |
| above | adverb | English | above | əˈbʌv | əbʌv |
| across | adverb | English | across | əˈkɹɒɔːs | əkɹɒɔɔs |
| again | adverb | English | again | əˈgen | əgen |
| also | adverb | English | also | ˈɔːlsəʊ | ɔɔlsəʊ |
| around | adverb | English | around | əˈɹaʊnd | əɹaʊnd |
| away | adverb | English | away | əˈweɪ | əweɪ |
| back | adverb | English | back | bæk | bæk |
| behind | adverb | English | behind | bɪˈhaɪnd | bɪhaɪnd |
| below | adverb | English | below | bɪˈləʊ | bɪləʊ |
| down | adverb | English | down | daʊn | daʊn |
| each | adverb | English | each | iːtʃ | iitʃ |
| early | adverb | English | early | ˈɜːɹli | ɜɜɹli |
| east | adverb | English | east | iːst | iist |
| even | adverb | English | even | ˈiːvn | iivn |
| far | adverb | English | far | fɑːɹ | fɑɑɹ |
| first | adverb | English | first | fɜːɹst | fɜɜɹst |
| home | adverb | English | home | həʊm | həʊm |
| how | adverb | English | how | haʊ | haʊ |
| however | adverb | English | however | haʊˈevəɹ | haʊevəɹ |
| in | adverb | English | in | ɪn | ɪn |
| just | adverb | English | just | dʒʌst | dʒʌst |
| late | adverb | English | late | leɪt | leɪt |
| later | adverb | English | later | ˈleɪtəɹ | leɪtəɹ |
| left | adverb | English | left | left | left |
| long | adverb | English | long | lɒɔːŋ | lɒɔɔŋ |
| more | adverb | English | more | mɔːɹ | mɔɔɹ |
| most | adverb | English | most | məʊst | məʊst |
| much | adverb | English | much | mʌtʃ | mʌtʃ |
| near | adverb | English | near | nɪəɹ | nɪəɹ |
| never | adverb | English | never | ˈnevəɹ | nevəɹ |
| next | adverb | English | next | nekst | nekst |
| north | adverb | English | north | nɔːɹθ | nɔɔɹθ |
| not | adverb | English | not | nɒɑːt | nɒɑɑt |
| now | adverb | English | now | naʊ | naʊ |
| off | adverb | English | off | ɒɔːf | ɒɔɔf |
| often | adverb | English | often | ˈɒɔːfn | ɒɔɔfn |
| on | adverb | English | on | ɒɑːn | ɒɑɑn |
| once | adverb | English | once | wʌns | wʌns |
| only | adverb | English | only | ˈəʊnli | əʊnli |
| out | adverb | English | out | aʊt | aʊt |
| outside | adverb | English | outside | ˌaʊtˈsaɪd | aʊtsaɪd |
| over | adverb | English | over | ˈəʊvəɹ | əʊvəɹ |
| right | adverb | English | right | ɹaɪt | ɹaɪt |
| same | adverb | English | same | seɪm | seɪm |
| so | adverb | English | so | səʊ | səʊ |
| sometimes | adverb | English | sometimes | ˈsʌmtaɪmz | sʌmtaɪmz |
| soon | adverb | English | soon | suːn | suun |
| south | adverb | English | south | saʊθ | saʊθ |
| still | adverb | English | still | stɪl | stɪl |
| then | adverb | English | then | ðen | ðen |
| there | adverb | English | there | ðeəɹ | ðeəɹ |
| through | adverb | English | through | θɹuː | θɹuu |
| today | adverb | English | today | təˈdeɪ | tədeɪ |
| together | adverb | English | together | təˈgeðəɹ | təgeðəɹ |
| too | adverb | English | too | tuː | tuu |
| under | adverb | English | under | ˈʌndəɹ | ʌndəɹ |
| up | adverb | English | up | ʌp | ʌp |
| usually | adverb | English | usually | ˈjuːʒuəli | juuʒuəli |
| very | adverb | English | very | ˈveɹi | veɹi |
| well | adverb | English | well | wel | wel |
| west | adverb | English | west | west | west |
| when | adverb | English | when | wen | wen |
| where | adverb | English | where | weəɹ | weəɹ |
| be | auxiliaryverb | English | be | bi | bi |
| do | auxiliaryverb | English | do | də | də |
| and | conjunction | English | and | ənd | ənd |
| because | conjunction | English | because | bɪˈkəz | bɪkəz |
| but | conjunction | English | but | bət | bət |
| if | conjunction | English | if | ɪf | ɪf |
| or | conjunction | English | or | ɔːɹ | ɔɔɹ |
| so | conjunction | English | so | səʊ | səʊ |
| than | conjunction | English | than | ðən | ðən |
| that | conjunction | English | that | ðət | ðət |
| until | conjunction | English | until | ənˈtɪl | əntɪl |
| when | conjunction | English | when | wen | wen |
| where | conjunction | English | where | weəɹ | weəɹ |
| the | definitearticle | English | the | ðə | ðə |
| all | determiner | English | all | ɔːl | ɔɔl |
| another | determiner | English | another | əˈnʌðəɹ | ənʌðəɹ |
| any | determiner | English | any | ˈeni | eni |
| both | determiner | English | both | bəʊθ | bəʊθ |
| each | determiner | English | each | iːtʃ | iitʃ |
| every | determiner | English | every | ˈevɹi | evɹi |
| few | determiner | English | few | fjuː | fjuu |
| first | determiner | English | first | fɜːɹst | fɜɜɹst |
| half | determiner | English | half | hɑːæf | hɑɑæf |
| her | determiner | English | her | həɹ | həɹ |
| his | determiner | English | his | hɪz | hɪz |
| its | determiner | English | its | ɪts | ɪts |
| last | determiner | English | last | lɑːæst | lɑɑæst |
| little | determiner | English | little | ˈlɪtl | lɪtl |
| many | determiner | English | many | ˈmeni | meni |
| more | determiner | English | more | mɔːɹ | mɔɔɹ |
| most | determiner | English | most | məʊst | məʊst |
| much | determiner | English | much | mʌtʃ | mʌtʃ |
| my | determiner | English | my | maɪ | maɪ |
| no | determiner | English | no | nəʊ | nəʊ |
| one | determiner | English | one | wʌn | wʌn |
| second | determiner | English | second | ˈsekənd | sekənd |
| some | determiner | English | some | sʌm | sʌm |
| that | determiner | English | that | ðæt | ðæt |
| their | determiner | English | their | ðeəɹ | ðeəɹ |
| this | determiner | English | this | ðɪs | ðɪs |
| what | determiner | English | what | wɒʌt | wɒʌt |
| which | determiner | English | which | wɪtʃ | wɪtʃ |
| no | exclamation | English | no | nəʊ | nəʊ |
| well | exclamation | English | well | wel | wel |
| a | indefinitearticle | English | a | ə | ə |
| to | infinitivemarker | English | to | tə | tə |
| can | modalverb | English | can | kən | kən |
| could | modalverb | English | could | kəd | kəd |
| must | modalverb | English | must | məst | məst |
| should | modalverb | English | should | ʃəd | ʃəd |
| will | modalverb | English | will | wɪl | wɪl |
| would | modalverb | English | would | wʊd | wʊd |
| action | noun | English | action | ˈækʃn | ækʃn |
| age | noun | English | age | eɪdʒ | eɪdʒ |
| air | noun | English | air | eəɹ | eəɹ |
| airport | noun | English | airport | ˈeəɹpɔːɹt | eəɹpɔɔɹt |
| April | noun | English | April | ˈeɪpɹəl | eɪpɹəl |
| area | noun | English | area | ˈeəɹiə | eəɹiə |
| art | noun | English | art | ɑːɹt | ɑɑɹt |
| artist | noun | English | artist | ˈɑːɹtɪst | ɑɑɹtɪst |
| August | noun | English | August | ɔːˈgʌst | ɔɔgʌst |
| back | noun | English | back | bæk | bæk |
| band | noun | English | band | bænd | bænd |
| bank | noun | English | bank | bæŋk | bæŋk |
| beginning | noun | English | beginning | bɪˈgɪnɪŋ | bɪgɪnɪŋ |
| bill | noun | English | bill | bɪl | bɪl |
| black | noun | English | black | blæk | blæk |
| blue | noun | English | blue | bluː | bluu |
| body | noun | English | body | ˈbɒɑːdi | bɒɑɑdi |
| book | noun | English | book | bʊk | bʊk |
| brother | noun | English | brother | ˈbɹʌðəɹ | bɹʌðəɹ |
| brown | noun | English | brown | bɹaʊn | bɹaʊn |
| building | noun | English | building | ˈbɪldɪŋ | bɪldɪŋ |
| business | noun | English | business | ˈbɪznəs | bɪznəs |
| capital | noun | English | capital | ˈkæpɪtl | kæpɪtl |
| car | noun | English | car | kɑːɹ | kɑɑɹ |
| career | noun | English | career | kəˈɹɪəɹ | kəɹɪəɹ |
| centre | noun | English | centre | ˈsentəɹ | sentəɹ |
| century | noun | English | century | ˈsentʃəɹi | sentʃəɹi |
| change | noun | English | change | tʃeɪndʒ | tʃeɪndʒ |
| child | noun | English | child | tʃaɪld | tʃaɪld |
| city | noun | English | city | ˈsɪti | sɪti |
| class | noun | English | class | klɑːæs | klɑɑæs |
| club | noun | English | club | klʌb | klʌb |
| college | noun | English | college | ˈkɒɑːlɪdʒ | kɒɑɑlɪdʒ |
| company | noun | English | company | ˈkʌmpəni | kʌmpəni |
| country | noun | English | country | ˈkʌntɹi | kʌntɹi |
| course | noun | English | course | kɔːɹs | kɔɔɹs |
| culture | noun | English | culture | ˈkʌltʃəɹ | kʌltʃəɹ |
| cup | noun | English | cup | kʌp | kʌp |
| daughter | noun | English | daughter | ˈdɔːtəɹ | dɔɔtəɹ |
| day | noun | English | day | deɪ | deɪ |
| December | noun | English | December | dɪˈsembəɹ | dɪsembəɹ |
| design | noun | English | design | dɪˈzaɪn | dɪzaɪn |
| east | noun | English | east | iːst | iist |
| end | noun | English | end | end | end |
| event | noun | English | event | ɪˈvent | ɪvent |
| example | noun | English | example | ɪgˈzɑːæmpl | ɪgzɑɑæmpl |
| family | noun | English | family | ˈfæməli | fæməli |
| father | noun | English | father | ˈfɑːðəɹ | fɑɑðəɹ |
| February | noun | English | February | ˈfebɹuəɹi | febɹuəɹi |
| festival | noun | English | festival | ˈfestɪvl | festɪvl |
| film | noun | English | film | fɪlm | fɪlm |
| fire | noun | English | fire | ˈfaɪəɹ | faɪəɹ |
| food | noun | English | food | fuːd | fuud |
| football | noun | English | football | ˈfʊtbɔːl | fʊtbɔɔl |
| form | noun | English | form | fɔːɹm | fɔɔɹm |
| front | noun | English | front | fɹʌnt | fɹʌnt |
| future | noun | English | future | ˈfjuːtʃəɹ | fjuutʃəɹ |
| game | noun | English | game | geɪm | geɪm |
| green | noun | English | green | gɹiːn | gɹiin |
| group | noun | English | group | gɹuːp | gɹuup |
| half | noun | English | half | hɑːæf | hɑɑæf |
| head | noun | English | head | hed | hed |
| health | noun | English | health | helθ | helθ |
| help | noun | English | help | help | help |
| history | noun | English | history | ˈhɪstɹi | hɪstɹi |
| home | noun | English | home | həʊm | həʊm |
| hospital | noun | English | hospital | ˈhɒɑːspɪtl | hɒɑɑspɪtl |
| house | noun | English | house | haʊs | haʊs |
| information | noun | English | information | ˌɪnfəɹˈmeɪʃn | ɪnfəɹmeɪʃn |
| interest | noun | English | interest | ˈɪntɹəst | ɪntɹəst |
| island | noun | English | island | ˈaɪlənd | aɪlənd |
| January | noun | English | January | ˈdʒænjuəɹi | dʒænjuəɹi |
| July | noun | English | July | dʒuˈlaɪ | dʒulaɪ |
| June | noun | English | June | dʒuːn | dʒuun |
| land | noun | English | land | lænd | lænd |
| language | noun | English | language | ˈlæŋgwɪdʒ | læŋgwɪdʒ |
| left | noun | English | left | left | left |
| library | noun | English | library | ˈlaɪbɹəɹi | laɪbɹəɹi |
| life | noun | English | life | laɪf | laɪf |
| light | noun | English | light | laɪt | laɪt |
| line | noun | English | line | laɪn | laɪn |
| list | noun | English | list | lɪst | lɪst |
| love | noun | English | love | lʌv | lʌv |
| magazine | noun | English | magazine | ˌmægəˈziːn | mægəziin |
| man | noun | English | man | mæn | mæn |
| March | noun | English | March | mɑːɹtʃ | mɑɑɹtʃ |
| market | noun | English | market | ˈmɑːɹkɪt | mɑɑɹkɪt |
| match | noun | English | match | mætʃ | mætʃ |
| May | noun | English | May | meɪ | meɪ |
| member | noun | English | member | ˈmembəɹ | membəɹ |
| model | noun | English | model | ˈmɒɑːdl | mɒɑɑdl |
| money | noun | English | money | ˈmʌni | mʌni |
| mother | noun | English | mother | ˈmʌðəɹ | mʌðəɹ |
| mountain | noun | English | mountain | ˈmaʊntən | maʊntən |
| museum | noun | English | museum | mjuˈziːəm | mjuziiəm |
| music | noun | English | music | ˈmjuːzɪk | mjuuzɪk |
| name | noun | English | name | neɪm | neɪm |
| news | noun | English | news | njuːz | njuuz |
| night | noun | English | night | naɪt | naɪt |
| north | noun | English | north | nɔːɹθ | nɔɔɹθ |
| November | noun | English | November | nəʊˈvembəɹ | nəʊvembəɹ |
| number | noun | English | number | ˈnʌmbəɹ | nʌmbəɹ |
| October | noun | English | October | ɒɑːkˈtəʊbəɹ | ɒɑɑktəʊbəɹ |
| office | noun | English | office | ˈɒɑːfɪs | ɒɑɑfɪs |
| order | noun | English | order | ˈɔːɹdəɹ | ɔɔɹdəɹ |
| park | noun | English | park | pɑːɹk | pɑɑɹk |
| part | noun | English | part | pɑːɹt | pɑɑɹt |
| party | noun | English | party | ˈpɑːɹti | pɑɑɹti |
| people | noun | English | people | ˈpiːpl | piipl |
| period | noun | English | period | ˈpɪəɹiəd | pɪəɹiəd |
| place | noun | English | place | pleɪs | pleɪs |
| plan | noun | English | plan | plæn | plæn |
| plant | noun | English | plant | plɑːænt | plɑɑænt |
| play | noun | English | play | pleɪ | pleɪ |
| player | noun | English | player | ˈpleɪəɹ | pleɪəɹ |
| point | noun | English | point | pɔɪnt | pɔɪnt |
| police | noun | English | police | pəˈliːs | pəliis |
| post | noun | English | post | pəʊst | pəʊst |
| practice | noun | English | practice | ˈpɹæktɪs | pɹæktɪs |
| present | noun | English | present | ˈpɹeznt | pɹeznt |
| project | noun | English | project | ˈpɹɒɑːdʒekt | pɹɒɑɑdʒekt |
| radio | noun | English | radio | ˈɹeɪdiəʊ | ɹeɪdiəʊ |
| red | noun | English | red | ɹed | ɹed |
| result | noun | English | result | ɹɪˈzʌlt | ɹɪzʌlt |
| return | noun | English | return | ɹɪˈtɜːɹn | ɹɪtɜɜɹn |
| right | noun | English | right | ɹaɪt | ɹaɪt |
| river | noun | English | river | ˈɹɪvəɹ | ɹɪvəɹ |
| road | noun | English | road | ɹəʊd | ɹəʊd |
| school | noun | English | school | skuːl | skuul |
| science | noun | English | science | ˈsaɪəns | saɪəns |
| sea | noun | English | sea | siː | sii |
| second | noun | English | second | ˈsekənd | sekənd |
| section | noun | English | section | ˈsekʃn | sekʃn |
| September | noun | English | September | sepˈtembəɹ | septembəɹ |
| show | noun | English | show | ʃəʊ | ʃəʊ |
| son | noun | English | son | sʌn | sʌn |
| song | noun | English | song | sɒɔːŋ | sɒɔɔŋ |
| south | noun | English | south | saʊθ | saʊθ |
| space | noun | English | space | speɪs | speɪs |
| star | noun | English | star | stɑːɹ | stɑɑɹ |
| station | noun | English | station | ˈsteɪʃn | steɪʃn |
| story | noun | English | story | ˈstɔːɹi | stɔɔɹi |
| street | noun | English | street | stɹiːt | stɹiit |
| study | noun | English | study | ˈstʌdi | stʌdi |
| style | noun | English | style | staɪl | staɪl |
| success | noun | English | success | səkˈses | səkses |
| summer | noun | English | summer | ˈsʌməɹ | sʌməɹ |
| team | noun | English | team | tiːm | tiim |
| television | noun | English | television | ˈtelɪvɪʒn | telɪvɪʒn |
| theatre | noun | English | theatre | ˈθiːətəɹ | θiiətəɹ |
| time | noun | English | time | taɪm | taɪm |
| title | noun | English | title | ˈtaɪtl | taɪtl |
| today | noun | English | today | təˈdeɪ | tədeɪ |
| town | noun | English | town | taʊn | taʊn |
| TV | noun | English | TV | ˌtiː ˈviː | tiivii |
| type | noun | English | type | taɪp | taɪp |
| university | noun | English | university | ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːɹsəti | juunɪvɜɜɹsəti |
| video | noun | English | video | ˈvɪdiəʊ | vɪdiəʊ |
| village | noun | English | village | ˈvɪlɪdʒ | vɪlɪdʒ |
| water | noun | English | water | ˈwɔːtəɹ | wɔɔtəɹ |
| way | noun | English | way | weɪ | weɪ |
| week | noun | English | week | wiːk | wiik |
| west | noun | English | west | west | west |
| white | noun | English | white | waɪt | waɪt |
| wife | noun | English | wife | waɪf | waɪf |
| woman | noun | English | woman | ˈwʊmən | wʊmən |
| work | noun | English | work | wɜːɹk | wɜɜɹk |
| world | noun | English | world | wɜːɹld | wɜɜɹld |
| writing | noun | English | writing | ˈɹaɪtɪŋ | ɹaɪtɪŋ |
| year | noun | English | year | jɪəɹ | jɪəɹ |
| eight | number | English | eight | eɪt | eɪt |
| five | number | English | five | faɪv | faɪv |
| four | number | English | four | fɔːɹ | fɔɔɹ |
| million | number | English | million | ˈmɪljən | mɪljən |
| one | number | English | one | wʌn | wʌn |
| seven | number | English | seven | ˈsevn | sevn |
| six | number | English | six | sɪks | sɪks |
| ten | number | English | ten | ten | ten |
| three | number | English | three | θɹiː | θɹii |
| two | number | English | two | tuː | tuu |
| first | ordinalnumber | English | first | fɜːɹst | fɜɜɹst |
| fourth | ordinalnumber | English | fourth | fɔːɹθ | fɔɔɹθ |
| second | ordinalnumber | English | second | ˈsekənd | sekənd |
| third | ordinalnumber | English | third | θɜːɹd | θɜɜɹd |
| about | preposition | English | about | əˈbaʊt | əbaʊt |
| above | preposition | English | above | əˈbʌv | əbʌv |
| across | preposition | English | across | əˈkɹɒɔːs | əkɹɒɔɔs |
| after | preposition | English | after | ˈɑːæftəɹ | ɑɑæftəɹ |
| around | preposition | English | around | əˈɹaʊnd | əɹaʊnd |
| as | preposition | English | as | əz | əz |
| at | preposition | English | at | ət | ət |
| before | preposition | English | before | bɪˈfɔːɹ | bɪfɔɔɹ |
| behind | preposition | English | behind | bɪˈhaɪnd | bɪhaɪnd |
| below | preposition | English | below | bɪˈləʊ | bɪləʊ |
| between | preposition | English | between | bɪˈtwiːn | bɪtwiin |
| by | preposition | English | by | baɪ | baɪ |
| down | preposition | English | down | daʊn | daʊn |
| during | preposition | English | during | ˈdjʊəɹɪŋ | djʊəɹɪŋ |
| for | preposition | English | for | fəɹ | fəɹ |
| from | preposition | English | from | fɹəm | fɹəm |
| in | preposition | English | in | ɪn | ɪn |
| into | preposition | English | into | ˈɪntə | ɪntə |
| like | preposition | English | like | laɪk | laɪk |
| near | preposition | English | near | nɪəɹ | nɪəɹ |
| of | preposition | English | of | əv | əv |
| off | preposition | English | off | ɒɔːf | ɒɔɔf |
| on | preposition | English | on | ɒɑːn | ɒɑɑn |
| out | preposition | English | out | aʊt | aʊt |
| over | preposition | English | over | ˈəʊvəɹ | əʊvəɹ |
| than | preposition | English | than | ðən | ðən |
| through | preposition | English | through | θɹuː | θɹuu |
| to | preposition | English | to | tə | tə |
| under | preposition | English | under | ˈʌndəɹ | ʌndəɹ |
| until | preposition | English | until | ənˈtɪl | əntɪl |
| up | preposition | English | up | ʌp | ʌp |
| with | preposition | English | with | wɪð | wɪð |
| without | preposition | English | without | wɪˈðaʊt | wɪðaʊt |
| all | pronoun | English | all | ɔːl | ɔɔl |
| another | pronoun | English | another | əˈnʌðəɹ | ənʌðəɹ |
| any | pronoun | English | any | ˈeni | eni |
| both | pronoun | English | both | bəʊθ | bəʊθ |
| each | pronoun | English | each | iːtʃ | iitʃ |
| few | pronoun | English | few | fjuː | fjuu |
| half | pronoun | English | half | hɑːæf | hɑɑæf |
| he | pronoun | English | he | hi | hi |
| her | pronoun | English | her | həɹ | həɹ |
| him | pronoun | English | him | hɪm | hɪm |
| I | pronoun | English | I | aɪ | aɪ |
| it | pronoun | English | it | ɪt | ɪt |
| little | pronoun | English | little | ˈlɪtl | lɪtl |
| many | pronoun | English | many | ˈmeni | meni |
| me | pronoun | English | me | mi | mi |
| more | pronoun | English | more | mɔːɹ | mɔɔɹ |
| most | pronoun | English | most | məʊst | məʊst |
| much | pronoun | English | much | mʌtʃ | mʌtʃ |
| one | pronoun | English | one | wʌn | wʌn |
| other | pronoun | English | other | ˈʌðəɹ | ʌðəɹ |
| own | pronoun | English | own | əʊn | əʊn |
| same | pronoun | English | same | seɪm | seɪm |
| she | pronoun | English | she | ʃi | ʃi |
| some | pronoun | English | some | sʌm | sʌm |
| that | pronoun | English | that | ðæt | ðæt |
| them | pronoun | English | them | ðəm | ðəm |
| they | pronoun | English | they | ðeɪ | ðeɪ |
| this | pronoun | English | this | ðɪs | ðɪs |
| us | pronoun | English | us | əs | əs |
| we | pronoun | English | we | wi | wi |
| what | pronoun | English | what | wɒʌt | wɒʌt |
| when | pronoun | English | when | wen | wen |
| which | pronoun | English | which | wɪtʃ | wɪtʃ |
| who | pronoun | English | who | huː | huu |
| you | pronoun | English | you | juː | juu |
| be | verb | English | be | bi | bi |
| become | verb | English | become | bɪˈkʌm | bɪkʌm |
| born | verb | English | born | bɔːɹn | bɔɔɹn |
| change | verb | English | change | tʃeɪndʒ | tʃeɪndʒ |
| close | verb | English | close | kləʊz | kləʊz |
| come | verb | English | come | kʌm | kʌm |
| design | verb | English | design | dɪˈzaɪn | dɪzaɪn |
| do | verb | English | do | duː | duu |
| end | verb | English | end | end | end |
| form | verb | English | form | fɔːɹm | fɔɔɹm |
| get | verb | English | get | get | get |
| go | verb | English | go | gəʊ | gəʊ |
| have | verb | English | have | həv | həv |
| help | verb | English | help | help | help |
| include | verb | English | include | ɪnˈkluːd | ɪnkluud |
| interest | verb | English | interest | ˈɪntɹəst | ɪntɹəst |
| like | verb | English | like | laɪk | laɪk |
| list | verb | English | list | lɪst | lɪst |
| live | verb | English | live | lɪv | lɪv |
| love | verb | English | love | lʌv | lʌv |
| make | verb | English | make | meɪk | meɪk |
| match | verb | English | match | mætʃ | mætʃ |
| name | verb | English | name | neɪm | neɪm |
| open | verb | English | open | ˈəʊpən | əʊpən |
| order | verb | English | order | ˈɔːɹdəɹ | ɔɔɹdəɹ |
| park | verb | English | park | pɑːɹk | pɑɑɹk |
| plan | verb | English | plan | plæn | plæn |
| play | verb | English | play | pleɪ | pleɪ |
| post | verb | English | post | pəʊst | pəʊst |
| put | verb | English | put | pʊt | pʊt |
| return | verb | English | return | ɹɪˈtɜːɹn | ɹɪtɜɜɹn |
| run | verb | English | run | ɹʌn | ɹʌn |
| see | verb | English | see | siː | sii |
| show | verb | English | show | ʃəʊ | ʃəʊ |
| start | verb | English | start | stɑːɹt | stɑɑɹt |
| study | verb | English | study | ˈstʌdi | stʌdi |
| take | verb | English | take | teɪk | teɪk |
| use | verb | English | use | juːz | juuz |
| win | verb | English | win | wɪn | wɪn |
| work | verb | English | work | wɜːɹk | wɜɜɹk |
| homework | noun | Finnish | kotitehtävä | ˈkotiˌtehtæʋæ | kotitehtæʋæ |
| mum | noun | Finnish | äiti | ˈæi̯ti | æiti |
| sweater | noun | Finnish | villapaita | ˈʋilːɑˌpɑi̯tɑ | ʋillɑpɑitɑ |
| warm | adjective | French | chaleureux | ʃa.lœ.ʁø | ʃalœʁø |
| afternoon | noun | French | après-midi | a.pʁɛ.mi.di | apʁɛmidi |
| answer | noun | French | réponse | ʁe.pɔ̃s | ʁepɔns |
| beer | noun | French | bière | bjɛʁ | bjɛʁ |
| clock | noun | French | l'horloge | ɔʁ.lɔʒ | ɔʁlɔʒ |
| detail | noun | French | détail | de.taj | detaj |
| dialogue | noun | French | dialogue | dja.lɔg | djalɔg |
| diet | noun | French | diète | djɛt | djɛt |
| dress | noun | French | robe | ʁɔb | ʁɔb |
| metre | noun | French | mètre | mɛtʁ | mɛtʁ |
| Monday | noun | French | lundi | lœ̃.di | lœndi |
| paint | noun | French | peinture | pɛ̃.tyʁ | pɛntyʁ |
| photo | noun | French | photo | fɔ.to | fɔto |
| phrase | noun | French | phrase | fʁaz | fʁaz |
| telephone | noun | French | téléphone | te.le.fɔn | telefɔn |
| worker | noun | French | ouvrier | u.vʁi.je | uvʁije |
| sixteen | number | French | seize | sɛz | sɛz |
| thirteen | number | French | treize | tʁɛz | tʁɛz |
| answer | verb | French | répondre | ʁe.pɔ̃dʁ | ʁepɔndʁ |
| ask | verb | French | demander | də.mɑ̃.de | dəmɑnde |
| decide | verb | French | décider | de.si.de | deside |
| discuss | verb | French | discuter | dis.ky.te | diskyte |
| dress | verb | French | habiller | a.bi.je | abije |
| explain | verb | French | expliquer | ɛk.spli.ke | ɛksplike |
| fill | verb | French | remplir | ʁɑ̃.pliʁ | ʁɑnpliʁ |
| hear | verb | French | entendre | ɑ̃.tɑ̃dʁ | ɑntɑndʁ |
| lie | verb | French | mentir | mɑ̃.tiʁ | mɑntiʁ |
| paint | verb | French | peinturer | pɛ̃.ty.ʁe | pɛntyʁe |
| sleep | verb | French | dormir | dɔʁ.miʁ | dɔʁmiʁ |
| teach | verb | French | enseigner | ɑ̃.sɛ.ɲe | ɑnsɛɲe |
| telephone | verb | French | téléphoner | te.le.fɔ.ne | telefɔne |
| wake | verb | French | réveiller | ʁe.vɛ.je | ʁevɛje |
| cheap | adjective | German | billig | ˈbɪlɪç | bɪlɪç |
| fantastic | adjective | German | fantastisch | fanˈtastɪʃ | fantastɪʃ |
| terrible | adjective | German | schrecklich | ˈʃʁɛklɪç | ʃʁɛklɪç |
| wonderful | adjective | German | wunderbar | ˈvʊndɐˌbaːɐ̯ | vʊndɐbaaɐ |
| maybe | adverb | German | vielleicht | fiˈlaɪ̯çt | filaɪçt |
| please | exclamation | German | bitte | ˈbɪtə | bɪtə |
| cafe | noun | German | Café | kaˈfeː | kafee |
| noun | German | ˈiːˌmɛɪ̯l | iimɛɪl | ||
| gym | noun | German | Fitnessstudio | ˈfɪt.nəsˌʃtuː.di.o | fɪtnəsʃtuudio |
| lunch | noun | German | Mittagessen | ˈmɪtakʔɛsn | mɪtakʔɛsn |
| meal | noun | German | Mahlzeit | ˈmaːlˌt͡saɪ̯t | maaltsaɪt |
| passport | noun | German | Reisepass | ˈʁaɪ̯zəˌpas | ʁaɪzəpas |
| pepper | noun | German | Pfeffer | ˈpfɛfɐ | pfɛfɐ |
| pound | noun | German | Pfund | pfʊnt | pfʊnt |
| tooth | noun | German | Zahn | t͡saːn | tsaan |
| umbrella | noun | German | Regenschirm | ˈʁeːgn̩ʃɪɐ̯m | ʁeegnʃɪɐm |
| nobody | pronoun | German | niemand | ˈniːmant | niimant |
| prefer | verb | German | bevorzugen | ˌbəˈfoːɐ̯tsuːgn | bəfooɐtsuugn |
| afraid | adjective | Hindi | bhaybhīt (भयभीत) | bʱəj.bʱiːt̪ | βəjβiit |
| exciting | adjective | Hindi | romāñcak (रोमांचक) | ɾoː.mɑːn.t͡ʃək | ɾoomɑɑntʃək |
| tomorrow | adverb | Hindi | kal (कल) | kəl | kəl |
| bye | exclamation | Hindi | alvidā (अलविदा) | əl.ʋɪ.d̪ɑː | əlʋɪdɑɑ |
| bedroom | noun | Hindi | śayankakṣ (शयनकक्ष) | ʃə.jən.kəkʂ | ʃəjənkəkʂ |
| boot | noun | Hindi | būṭ (बूट) | buːʈ | buuʈ |
| cake | noun | Hindi | kek (केक) | keːk | keek |
| cow | noun | Hindi | gāy (गाय) | gɑːj | gɑɑj |
| desk | noun | Hindi | mez (मेज़) | meːz | meez |
| pig | noun | Hindi | sūar (सूअर) | suː.əɾ | suuəɾ |
| shoe | noun | Hindi | jūtā (जूता) | d͡ʒuː.t̪ɑː | dʒuutɑɑ |
| tomorrow | noun | Hindi | kal (कल) | kəl | kəl |
| vacation | noun | Hindi | chuṭṭī (छुट्टी) | t͡ʃʰʊʈ.ʈiː | tθʃʊʈʈii |
| nineteen | number | Hindi | unnīs (उन्नीस) | ʊn.niːs | ʊnniis |
| sixty | number | Hindi | sāṭh (साठ) | sɑːʈʰ | sɑɑʈθ |
| everybody | pronoun | Hindi | har koī (हर कोई) | ɦəɾ‿koː.iː | ɦəɾkooii |
| compare | verb | Hindi | tulnā karnā (तुलना करना) | t̪ʊl.nɑː kəɾ.nɑː | tʊlnɑɑkəɾnɑɑ |
| amazing | adjective | Italian | stupefacente | stu.pe.faˈt͡ʃɛn.te | stupefatʃɛnte |
| dirty | adjective | Italian | sporco | ˈspɔr.ko | spɔrko |
| funny | adjective | Italian | divertente | di.verˈtɛn.te | divertɛnte |
| sad | adjective | Italian | triste | ˈtri.ste | triste |
| tonight | adverb | Italian | stanotte | staˈnɔt.te | stanɔtte |
| bag | noun | Italian | borsa | ˈbor.sa | borsa |
| bottle | noun | Italian | bottiglia | botˈtiʎ.ʎa | bottiʎʎa |
| boyfriend | noun | Italian | fidanzato | fi.danˈt͡sa.to | fidantsato |
| breakfast | noun | Italian | colazione | ko.latˈt͡sjo.ne | kolattsjone |
| chocolate | noun | Italian | cioccolato | t͡ʃok.koˈla.to | tʃokkolato |
| ear | noun | Italian | orecchio | oˈrek.kjo | orekkjo |
| elephant | noun | Italian | elefante | e.leˈfan.te | elefante |
| exam | noun | Italian | esame | eˈza.me | ezame |
| mistake | noun | Italian | errore | erˈro.re | errore |
| shirt | noun | Italian | camicia | kaˈmi.t͡ʃa | kamitʃa |
| taxi | noun | Italian | taxi | ˈtak.si | taksi |
| teenager | noun | Italian | adolescente | a.do.leʃˈʃɛn.te | adoleʃʃɛnte |
| tonight | noun | Italian | questa sera | ˈkwe.sta ˈse.ra | kwestasera |
| visitor | noun | Italian | visitatore | vi.zi.taˈto.re | vizitatore |
| verb | Italian | emailare | i.mɛjˈla.re | imɛjlare | |
| listen | verb | Italian | ascoltare | a.skolˈta.re | askoltare |
| repeat | verb | Italian | ripetere | riˈpɛ.te.re | ripɛtere |
| swim | verb | Italian | nuotare | nwoˈta.re | nwotare |
| fat | adjective | Japanese | futoi (太い) | ɸɯ̟ᵝto̞i | ɸutoi |
| healthy | adjective | Japanese | genki (元気) | gẽ̞ŋʲkʲi | geɲci |
| nice | adjective | Japanese | yoi (良い) | jo̞i | joi |
| pretty | adjective | Japanese | kawaii (可愛い) | ka̠ɰᵝa̠ii | kɐwɐii |
| quiet | adjective | Japanese | shizuka (静か) | ɕizɨᵝka̠ | ɕizʉkɐ |
| pretty | adverb | Japanese | ikubun (幾分) | ikɯ̟ᵝbɯ̟̃ᵝɴ | ikubuɴ |
| oh | exclamation | Japanese | ā (ああ) | a̠ː | ɐɐ |
| clothes | noun | Japanese | fuku (服) | ɸɯ̟ᵝkɯ̟ᵝ | ɸuku |
| conversation | noun | Japanese | taiwa (対話) | ta̠iɰᵝa̠ | tɐiwɐ |
| cream | noun | Japanese | kurīmu (クリーム) | kɯ̟ᵝɾʲiːmɯ̟ᵝ | kuɾiimu |
| dictionary | noun | Japanese | jisho (辞書) | (d͡)ʑiɕo̞ | dʑiɕo |
| egg | noun | Japanese | tamago (卵) | ta̠ma̠go̞ | tɐmɐgo |
| euro | noun | Japanese | yūro (ユーロ) | jɯ̟ᵝːɾo̞ | juuɾo |
| girlfriend | noun | Japanese | kanojo (彼女) | ka̠no̞ʑo̞ | kɐnoʑo |
| hat | noun | Japanese | bōshi (帽子) | bo̞ːɕi | booɕi |
| midnight | noun | Japanese | yonaka (夜中) | jo̞na̠ka̠ | jonɐkɐ |
| mouse | noun | Japanese | nezumi (鼠) | ne̞zɨᵝmʲi | nezʉβmi |
| nurse | noun | Japanese | kangoshi (看護師) | kã̠ŋgo̞ɕi | kɐŋgoɕi |
| pen | noun | Japanese | pen (ペン) | pẽ̞ɴ | peɴ |
| reader | noun | Japanese | dokusha (読者) | do̞kɯ̟̊ᵝɕa̠ | dokuɕɐ |
| skill | noun | Japanese | sukiru (スキル) | sɨᵝkʲiɾɯ̟ᵝ | sʉciɾu |
| Wednesday | noun | Japanese | suiyōbi (水曜日) | sɨᵝijo̞ːbʲi | sʉijooβbi |
| eighteen | number | Japanese | jūhachi (十八) | (d͡)ʑɨᵝːha̠t͡ɕi | dʑʉʉhɐtɕi |
| forty | number | Japanese | shijū (四十) | ɕiʑɨᵝː | ɕiʑʉʉ |
| enjoy | verb | Japanese | tanoshimu (楽しむ) | ta̠no̞ɕimɯ̟ᵝ | tɐnoɕimu |
| happen | verb | Japanese | hassei suru (発生する) | ha̠sːe̞ː sɨᵝɾɯ̟ᵝ | hɐsseesʉɾu |
| introduce | verb | Japanese | shōkai suru (紹介する) | ɕo̞ːka̠i sɨᵝɾɯ̟ᵝ | ɕookɐisʉɾu |
| remember | verb | Japanese | oboeru (覚える) | o̞bo̞e̞ɾɯ̟ᵝ | oboeɾu |
| sit | verb | Japanese | suwaru (座る) | sɨᵝɰᵝa̠ɾɯ̟ᵝ | sʉwɐɾu |
| cool | adjective | Korean | siwonhada (시원하다) | ɕʰiwʌ̹nɦa̠da̠ | θɕiwʌnɦɐdɐ |
| favourite | adjective | Korean | choeae (최애) | ˈt͡ɕʰwe̞(ː)ɛ | tθɕweeɛ |
| interesting | adjective | Korean | heungmiropda (흥미롭다) | ˈxɯ(ː)ŋmiɾo̞p̚t͈a̠ | xɯɯŋmiɾopttɐ |
| purple | adjective | Korean | jaju (자주) | ˈt͡ɕa̠(ː)d͡ʑu | tɕɐɐdʑu |
| quick | adjective | Korean | ppareuda (빠르다) | p͈a̠ɾɯda̠ | ppɐɾɯdɐ |
| sure | adjective | Korean | hwaksilhada (확실하다) | ɸwa̠kɕ͈iɾɦa̠da̠ | ɸwɐkɕɕiɾɦɐdɐ |
| bath | noun | Korean | yokjo (욕조) | jok̚t͡ɕ͈o̞ | joktɕɕo |
| cent | noun | Korean | senteu (센트) | s͈e̞ntʰɯ | ssentθɯ |
| customer | noun | Korean | gogaek (고객) | ko̞gɛk̚ | kogɛk |
| dancer | noun | Korean | chumchuda saram (춤추다 사람) | t͡ɕʰumt͡ɕʰuda̠ ˈsʰa̠(ː)ɾa̠m | tθɕumtθɕudɐθsɐɐɾɐm |
| dinner | noun | Korean | jeonyeok (저녁) | t͡ɕʌ̹ɲʌ̹k̚ | tɕʌɲʌk |
| drink | noun | Korean | eumnyo (음료) | ˈɯ(ː)mɲo | ɯɯmɲo |
| farmer | noun | Korean | sigol saram (시골 사람) | ɕʰigo̞ɭ ˈsʰa̠(ː)ɾa̠m | θɕigoɭθsɐɐɾɐm |
| favourite | noun | Korean | choeae (최애) | ˈt͡ɕʰwe̞(ː)ɛ | tθɕweeɛ |
| kitchen | noun | Korean | bueok (부엌) | puʌ̹k̚ | puʌk |
| lion | noun | Korean | saja (사자) | ˈsʰa̠(ː)d͡ʑa̠ | θsɐɐdʑɐ |
| purple | noun | Korean | jaju (자주) | ˈt͡ɕa̠(ː)d͡ʑu | tɕɐɐdʑu |
| sheep | noun | Korean | yang (양) | ja̠ŋ | jɐŋ |
| snake | noun | Korean | baem (뱀) | pɛ(ː)m | pɛɛm |
| topic | noun | Korean | juje (주제) | t͡ɕud͡ʑe̞ | tɕudʑe |
| fifty | number | Korean | osip (오십) | ˈo̞(ː)ɕʰip̚ | ooθɕip |
| fourteen | number | Korean | sipsa (십사) | ɕʰips͈a̠ | θɕipssɐ |
| agree | verb | Korean | dong'uihada (동의하다) | to̞ŋɰiɦa̠da̠ | toŋɰiɦɐdɐ |
| arrive | verb | Korean | dochakhada (도착하다) | ˈto̞(ː)t͡ɕʰa̠kʰa̠da̠ | tootθɕɐkxɐdɐ |
| check | verb | Korean | hwaginhada (확인하다) | ɸwa̠ginɦa̠da̠ | ɸwɐginɦɐdɐ |
| drink | verb | Korean | masida (마시다) | ma̠ɕʰida̠ | mɐθɕidɐ |
| eat | verb | Korean | meokda (먹다) | mʌ̹k̚t͈a̠ | mʌkttɐ |
| prepare | verb | Korean | junbihada (준비하다) | ˈt͡ɕu(ː)nbiɦa̠da̠ | tɕuunbiɦɐdɐ |
| spell | verb | Korean | cheoljahada (철자하다) | t͡ɕʰʌ̹ʎd͡ʑa̠ɦa̠da̠ | tθɕʌʎdʑɐɦɐdɐ |
| wait | verb | Korean | gidarida (기다리다) | kida̠ɾida̠ | kidɐɾidɐ |
| OK | adjective | Norwegian | grei | græi | græi |
| sorry | adjective | Norwegian | sørgelig | sø`rg(ə)li | sørgəli |
| OK | adverb | Norwegian | tilstrekkelig | tilstre´k:(ə)li | tilstrekkəli |
| sorry | exclamation | Norwegian | unnskyld | u´nʃyl | unʃyl |
| guess | noun | Norwegian | gjetning | je`tniŋ | jetniŋ |
| hobby | noun | Norwegian | hobby | hå´b:i | hɔbbi |
| laugh | noun | Norwegian | latter | la´t:ər | lattər |
| seventy | number | Norwegian | sytti | sø´t:i | søtti |
| guess | verb | Norwegian | gjette | je`t:ə | jettə |
| laugh | verb | Norwegian | le | le: | lee |
| blonde | adjective | Polish | blond | blɔnt | blɔnt |
| boring | adjective | Polish | nudny | ˈnud.nɨ | nudnɨ |
| hungry | adjective | Polish | głodny | ˈgwɔd.nɨ | gwɔdnɨ |
| o'clock | adverb | Polish | godzinowo | gɔ.d͡ʑiˈnɔ.vɔ | gɔdʑinɔvɔ |
| kilometre | noun | Polish | kilometr | kiˈlɔ.mɛtr | kilɔmɛtr |
| neighbour | noun | Polish | sąsiad | ˈsɔɲ.ɕat | sɔɲɕat |
| paragraph | noun | Polish | ustęp | ˈu.stɛmp | ustɛmp |
| policeman | noun | Polish | policjant | pɔˈlit͡s.jant | pɔlitsjant |
| shower | noun | Polish | prysznic | ˈprɨʂ.ɲit͡s | prɨʂɲits |
| eighty | number | Polish | osiemdziesiąt | ɔ.ɕɛmˈd͡ʑɛ.ɕɔnt | ɔɕɛmdʑɛɕɔnt |
| dear | adjective | Portuguese | caro | ˈka.ɾu | kaɾu |
| excited | adjective | Portuguese | animado | a.niˈma.du | animadu |
| tired | adjective | Portuguese | cansado | kɐ̃ˈsa.du | kɐnsadu |
| goodbye | exclamation | Portuguese | adeus | aˈdews | adews |
| butter | noun | Portuguese | manteiga | mɐ̃ˈte(j).gɐ | mɐntejgɐ |
| goodbye | noun | Portuguese | despedida | des.peˈd͡ʒi.dɐ | despedʒidɐ |
| hello | noun | Portuguese | saudação | saw.daˈsɐ̃w̃ | sawdasɐnwn |
| jacket | noun | Portuguese | jaqueta | ʒaˈke.tɐ | ʒaketɐ |
| juice | noun | Portuguese | suco | ˈsu.ku | suku |
| menu | noun | Portuguese | cardápio | kaʁˈda.pi.u | kaʁdapiu |
| potato | noun | Portuguese | batata | baˈta.tɐ | batatɐ |
| soup | noun | Portuguese | sopa | ˈso.pɐ | sopɐ |
| yourself | pronoun | Portuguese | você mesmo | voˈse ˈmez.mu | vosemezmu |
| forget | verb | Portuguese | esquecer | is.keˈse(ʁ) | iskeseʁ |
| imagine | verb | Portuguese | imaginar | i.ma.ʒiˈna(ʁ) | imaʒinaʁ |
| nextto | preposition | Romanian | lângă | ˈlɨŋ.gə | lɨŋgə |
| noone | pronoun | Romanian | nimeni | ˈnimenʲ | nimeɲ |
| beautiful | adjective | Russian | krasívyj (краси́вый) | krɐˈsʲivɨj | krɐʃivɨj |
| clean | adjective | Russian | čístyj (чи́стый) | ˈt͡ɕistɨj | tɕistɨj |
| correct | adjective | Russian | právilʹnyj (пра́вильный) | ˈpravʲɪlʲnɨj | praβɪʎnɨj |
| dangerous | adjective | Russian | opásnyj (опа́сный) | ɐˈpasnɨj | ɐpasnɨj |
| easy | adjective | Russian | ljóxkij (лёгкий) | ˈlʲɵxʲkʲɪj | ʎɵçcɪj |
| expensive | adjective | Russian | dorogój (дорого́й) | dərɐˈgoj | dərɐgoj |
| false | adjective | Russian | lóžnyj (ло́жный) | ˈɫoʐnɨj | ɫoʐnɨj |
| friendly | adjective | Russian | druželjúbnyj (дружелю́бный) | drʊʐɨˈlʲubnɨj | drʊʐɨʎubnɨj |
| grey | adjective | Russian | séryj (се́рый) | ˈsʲerɨj | ʃerɨj |
| happy | adjective | Russian | sčastlívyj (счастли́вый) | ɕːɪs⁽ʲ⁾ˈlʲivɨj | ɕɕɪʃʎivɨj |
| perfect | adjective | Russian | ideálʹnyj (идеа́льный) | ɪdʲɪˈalʲnɨj | ɪɟɪaʎnɨj |
| pink | adjective | Russian | rózovyj (ро́зовый) | ˈrozəvɨj | rozəvɨj |
| ready | adjective | Russian | gotóvyj (гото́вый) | gɐˈtovɨj | gɐtovɨj |
| slow | adjective | Russian | médlennyj (ме́дленный) | ˈmʲedlʲɪn(ː)ɨj | βmedʎɪnnɨj |
| tall | adjective | Russian | vysókij (высо́кий) | vɨˈsokʲɪj | vɨsocɪj |
| useful | adjective | Russian | poléznyj (поле́зный) | pɐˈlʲeznɨj | pɐʎeznɨj |
| wrong | adjective | Russian | neprávilʹnyj (непра́вильный) | nʲɪˈpravʲɪlʲnɨj | ɲɪpraβɪʎnɨj |
| ago | adverb | Russian | nazád (наза́д) | nɐˈzat | nɐzat |
| else | adverb | Russian | ješčó (ещё) | (j)ɪˈɕːɵ | jɪɕɕɵ |
| thanks | exclamation | Russian | spasíbo (спаси́бо) | spɐˈsʲibə | spɐʃibə |
| advice | noun | Russian | sovét (сове́т) | sɐˈvʲet | sɐβet |
| apartment | noun | Russian | kvartíra (кварти́ра) | kvɐrˈtʲirə | kvɐrcirə |
| apple | noun | Russian | jábloko (я́блоко) | ˈjabɫəkə | jabɫəkə |
| arm | noun | Russian | ruká (рука́) | rʊˈka | rʊka |
| autumn | noun | Russian | ósenʹ (о́сень) | ˈosʲɪnʲ | oʃɪɲ |
| bed | noun | Russian | krovátʹ (крова́ть) | krɐˈvatʲ | krɐvac |
| birthday | noun | Russian | denʹ roždénija (день рожде́ния) | ˈdʲenʲ rɐʐˈdʲenʲɪjə | ɟeɲrɐʐɟeɲɪjə |
| camera | noun | Russian | kámera (ка́мера) | ˈkamʲɪrə | kaβmɪrə |
| cat | noun | Russian | kóška (ко́шка) | ˈkoʂkə | koʂkə |
| coat | noun | Russian | palʹtó (пальто́) | pɐlʲˈto | pɐʎto |
| coffee | noun | Russian | kófe (ко́фе) | ˈkofʲe | koɸe |
| colour | noun | Russian | cvet (цвет) | t͡svʲet | tsβet |
| cousin | noun | Russian | dvojúrodnyj brat (двою́родный брат) | dvɐˈjurədnɨj ˈbrat | dvɐjurədnɨjbrat |
| dancing | noun | Russian | tánec (та́нец) | ˈtanʲɪt͡s | taɲɪts |
| exercise | noun | Russian | upražnénije (упражне́ние) | ʊprɐʐˈnʲenʲɪje | ʊprɐʐɲeɲɪje |
| feeling | noun | Russian | čúvstvo (чу́вство) | ˈt͡ɕustvə | tɕustvə |
| flower | noun | Russian | cvetók (цвето́к) | t͡svʲɪˈtok | tsβɪtok |
| Friday | noun | Russian | pjátnica (пя́тница) | ˈpʲætʲnʲɪt͡sə | ɸpæcɲɪtsə |
| fruit | noun | Russian | frukt (фрукт) | frukt | frukt |
| fun | noun | Russian | vesélʹje (весе́лье) | vʲɪˈsʲelʲje | βɪʃeʎje |
| grandfather | noun | Russian | déduška (де́душка) | ˈdʲedʊʂkə | ɟedʊʂkə |
| grey | noun | Russian | séryj cvet (се́рый цвет) | ˈsʲerɨj t͡svʲet | ʃerɨjtsβet |
| hair | noun | Russian | vólosy (во́лосы) | ˈvoɫəsɨ | voɫəsɨ |
| holiday | noun | Russian | prázdnik (пра́здник) | ˈprazʲnʲɪk | praʒɲɪk |
| meat | noun | Russian | mjáso (мя́со) | ˈmʲasə | βmasə |
| message | noun | Russian | soobščénije (сообще́ние) | sɐɐpˈɕːenʲɪje | sɐɐpɕɕeɲɪje |
| milk | noun | Russian | molokó (молоко́) | məɫɐˈko | məɫɐko |
| moment | noun | Russian | momént (моме́нт) | mɐˈmʲent | mɐβment |
| mouth | noun | Russian | rot (рот) | rot | rot |
| parent | noun | Russian | rodítelʹ (роди́тель) | rɐˈdʲitʲɪlʲ | rɐɟicɪʎ |
| phone | noun | Russian | telefón (телефо́н) | tʲɪlʲɪˈfon | cɪʎɪfon |
| pink | noun | Russian | rózovyj cvet (ро́зовый цвет) | ˈrozəvɨj t͡svʲet | rozəvɨjtsβet |
| plane | noun | Russian | samoljót (самолёт) | səmɐˈlʲɵt | səmɐʎɵt |
| rain | noun | Russian | doždʹ (дождь) | doʂtʲ | doʂc |
| rice | noun | Russian | ris (рис) | rʲis | ɾis |
| salt | noun | Russian | solʹ (соль) | solʲ | soʎ |
| scientist | noun | Russian | učónyj (учёный) | ʊˈt͡ɕɵnɨj | ʊtɕɵnɨj |
| sentence | noun | Russian | prigovór (пригово́р) | prʲɪgɐˈvor | pɾɪgɐvor |
| shopping | noun | Russian | pokúpka (поку́пка) | pɐˈkupkə | pɐkupkə |
| snow | noun | Russian | sneg (снег) | sʲnʲek | ʃɲek |
| sugar | noun | Russian | sáxar (са́хар) | ˈsaxər | saxər |
| tea | noun | Russian | čaj (чай) | t͡ɕæj | tɕæj |
| thanks | noun | Russian | blagodárnostʹ (благода́рность) | bɫəgɐˈdarnəsʲtʲ | bɫəgɐdarnəʃc |
| thing | noun | Russian | predmét (предме́т) | prʲɪdˈmʲet | pɾɪdβmet |
| ticket | noun | Russian | bilét (биле́т) | bʲɪˈlʲet | βbɪʎet |
| tourist | noun | Russian | turíst (тури́ст) | tʊˈrʲist | tʊɾist |
| uncle | noun | Russian | djádja (дя́дя) | ˈdʲædʲə | ɟæɟə |
| walk | noun | Russian | progúlka (прогу́лка) | prɐˈguɫkə | prɐguɫkə |
| watch | noun | Russian | časý (часы́) | t͡ɕɪˈsɨ | tɕɪsɨ |
| weekend | noun | Russian | vyxodnój denʹ (выходно́й день) | vɨxɐdˈnoj dʲenʲ | vɨxɐdnojɟeɲ |
| wine | noun | Russian | vinó (вино́) | vʲɪˈno | βɪno |
| eleven | number | Russian | odínnadcatʹ (оди́ннадцать) | ɐˈdʲinət͡s(ː)ɨtʲ | ɐɟinətssɨc |
| fifteen | number | Russian | pjatnádcatʹ (пятна́дцать) | pʲɪtˈnat͡s(ː)ɨtʲ | ɸpɪtnatssɨc |
| thirty | number | Russian | trídcatʹ (три́дцать) | ˈtrʲit͡s(ː)ɨtʲ | tɾitssɨc |
| thousand | number | Russian | týsjača (ты́сяча) | ˈtɨsʲɪt͡ɕə | tɨʃɪtɕə |
| twenty | number | Russian | dvádcatʹ (два́дцать) | ˈdvat͡s(ː)ɨtʲ | dvatssɨc |
| anyone | pronoun | Russian | kto ugódno (кто уго́дно) | kto ʊˈgodnə | ktoʊgodnə |
| anything | pronoun | Russian | štó-libo (что́-либо) | ˈʂto‿lʲɪbə | ʂtoʎɪbə |
| everyone | pronoun | Russian | káždyj (ка́ждый) | ˈkaʐdɨj | kaʐdɨj |
| add | verb | Russian | dobávitʹ (доба́вить) | dɐˈbavʲɪtʲ | dɐbaβɪc |
| buy | verb | Russian | pokupátʹ (покупа́ть) | pəkʊˈpatʲ | pəkʊpac |
| choose | verb | Russian | vybirátʹ (выбира́ть) | vɨbʲɪˈratʲ | vɨβbɪrac |
| clean | verb | Russian | čístitʹ (чи́стить) | ˈt͡ɕisʲtʲɪtʲ | tɕiʃcɪc |
| cook | verb | Russian | gotóvitʹ (гото́вить) | gɐˈtovʲɪtʲ | gɐtoβɪc |
| correct | verb | Russian | ispravljátʹ (исправля́ть) | ɪsprɐˈvlʲætʲ | ɪsprɐvʎæc |
| describe | verb | Russian | opisátʹ (описа́ть) | ɐpʲɪˈsatʲ | ɐɸpɪsac |
| exercise | verb | Russian | trenirovátʹsja (тренирова́ться) | trʲɪnʲɪrɐˈvat͡sːə | tɾɪɲɪrɐvatssə |
| feel | verb | Russian | čúvstvovatʹ (чу́вствовать) | ˈt͡ɕustvəvətʲ | tɕustvəvəc |
| fly | verb | Russian | letátʹ (лета́ть) | lʲɪˈtatʲ | ʎɪtac |
| grow | verb | Russian | rastí (расти́) | rɐˈsʲtʲi | rɐʃci |
| learn | verb | Russian | učítʹ (учи́ть) | ʊˈt͡ɕitʲ | ʊtɕic |
| lose | verb | Russian | terjátʹ (теря́ть) | tʲɪˈrʲætʲ | cɪɾæc |
| phone | verb | Russian | zvonítʹ (звони́ть) | zvɐˈnʲitʲ | zvɐɲic |
| rain | verb | Russian | idtí doždʹ (идти́ дождь) | ɪˈtʲːi doʂtʲ | ɪccidoʂc |
| ride | verb | Russian | jézditʹ (е́здить) | ˈjezʲdʲɪtʲ | jeʒɟɪc |
| send | verb | Russian | otpravljátʹ (отправля́ть) | ɐtprɐˈvlʲætʲ | ɐtprɐvʎæc |
| sing | verb | Russian | petʹ (петь) | pʲetʲ | ɸpec |
| snow | verb | Russian | idtí sneg (идти́ снег) | ɪˈtʲːi sʲnʲek | ɪcciʃɲek |
| speak | verb | Russian | govorítʹ (говори́ть) | gəvɐˈrʲitʲ | gəvɐɾic |
| spend | verb | Russian | potrátitʹ (потра́тить) | pɐˈtratʲɪtʲ | pɐtracɪc |
| tell | verb | Russian | rasskazátʹ (рассказа́ть) | rəskɐˈzatʲ | rəskɐzac |
| understand | verb | Russian | ponimátʹ (понима́ть) | pənʲɪˈmatʲ | pəɲɪmac |
| walk | verb | Russian | guljátʹ (гуля́ть) | gʊˈlʲætʲ | gʊʎæc |
| watch | verb | Russian | smotrétʹ (смотре́ть) | smɐˈtrʲetʲ | smɐtɾec |
| wear | verb | Russian | nosítʹ (носи́ть) | nɐˈsʲitʲ | nɐʃic |
| bad | adjective | Spanish | malo | ˈmalo | malo |
| better | adjective | Spanish | mejor | meˈxoɾ | mexoɾ |
| cold | adjective | Spanish | frío | ˈfɾio | fɾio |
| complete | adjective | Spanish | completo | komˈpleto | kompleto |
| dark | adjective | Spanish | oscuro | osˈkuɾo | oskuɾo |
| difficult | adjective | Spanish | difícil | diˈfisil | difisil |
| extra | adjective | Spanish | extra | ˈegstɾa | egstɾa |
| famous | adjective | Spanish | famoso | faˈmoso | famoso |
| fast | adjective | Spanish | rápido | ˈrapido | rapido |
| fine | adjective | Spanish | fino | ˈfino | fino |
| hard | adjective | Spanish | duro | ˈduɾo | duɾo |
| hot | adjective | Spanish | caliente | kaˈljente | kaljente |
| interested | adjective | Spanish | interesado | inteɾeˈsado | inteɾesado |
| key | adjective | Spanish | clave | ˈklabe | klabe |
| negative | adjective | Spanish | negativo | negaˈtibo | negatibo |
| online | adjective | Spanish | en línea | en ˈlinea | enlinea |
| opposite | adjective | Spanish | opuesto | oˈpwesto | opwesto |
| orange | adjective | Spanish | naranja | naˈɾanxa | naɾanxa |
| past | adjective | Spanish | pasado | paˈsado | pasado |
| poor | adjective | Spanish | pobre | ˈpobɾe | pobɾe |
| positive | adjective | Spanish | positivo | posiˈtibo | positibo |
| rich | adjective | Spanish | rico | ˈriko | riko |
| true | adjective | Spanish | verdadero. | beɾdaˈdeɾo | beɾdadeɾo |
| yellow | adjective | Spanish | amarillo | amaˈɾiʝo | amaɾiʝo |
| always | adverb | Spanish | siempre | ˈsjempɾe | sjempɾe |
| enough | adverb | Spanish | bastante | basˈtante | bastante |
| ever | adverb | Spanish | siempre | ˈsjempɾe | sjempɾe |
| fast | adverb | Spanish | rápido | ˈrapido | rapido |
| hard | adverb | Spanish | mucho | ˈmut͡ʃo | mutʃo |
| here | adverb | Spanish | aquí | aˈki | aki |
| lot | adverb | Spanish | mucho | ˈmut͡ʃo | mutʃo |
| online | adverb | Spanish | en línea | en ˈlinea | enlinea |
| opposite | adverb | Spanish | en frente | en ˈfɾente | enfɾente |
| probably | adverb | Spanish | probablemente | pɾoˌbableˈmente | pɾobablemente |
| quickly | adverb | Spanish | rápidamente | ˌrapidaˈmente | rapidamente |
| quite | adverb | Spanish | bastante | basˈtante | bastante |
| really | adverb | Spanish | realmente | reˌalˈmente | realmente |
| twice | adverb | Spanish | dos veces | dos ˈbeses | dosbeses |
| why | adverb | Spanish | por qué | poɾ ˈke | poɾke |
| enough | determiner | Spanish | bastante | basˈtante | bastante |
| lot | determiner | Spanish | mucho | ˈmut͡ʃo | mutʃo |
| our | determiner | Spanish | nuestro | ˈnwestɾo | nwestɾo |
| your | determiner | Spanish | tu | tu | tu |
| cannot | modalverb | Spanish | no poder | ˈno poˈdeɾ | nopodeɾ |
| activity | noun | Spanish | actividad | agtibiˈdad | agtibidad |
| actor | noun | Spanish | actor | agˈtoɾ | agtoɾ |
| actress | noun | Spanish | actriz | agˈtɾis | agtɾis |
| address | noun | Spanish | dirección | diɾegˈsjon | diɾegsjon |
| adult | noun | Spanish | adulto | aˈdulto | adulto |
| animal | noun | Spanish | animal | aniˈmal | animal |
| article | noun | Spanish | artículo | aɾˈtikulo | aɾtikulo |
| baby | noun | Spanish | bebé | beˈbe | bebe |
| ball | noun | Spanish | bola | ˈbola | bola |
| beach | noun | Spanish | playa | ˈplaʝa | plaʝa |
| bird | noun | Spanish | pájaro | ˈpaxaɾo | paxaɾo |
| boat | noun | Spanish | bote | ˈbote | bote |
| box | noun | Spanish | caja | ˈkaxa | kaxa |
| boy | noun | Spanish | chico | ˈt͡ʃiko | tʃiko |
| break | noun | Spanish | descanso | desˈkanso | deskanso |
| bus | noun | Spanish | autobús | autoˈbus | autobus |
| call | noun | Spanish | llamada | ʝaˈmada | ʝamada |
| card | noun | Spanish | tarjeta | taɾˈxeta | taɾxeta |
| CD | noun | Spanish | CD | seˈde | sede |
| chair | noun | Spanish | silla | ˈsiʝa | siʝa |
| chart | noun | Spanish | gráfico | ˈgɾafiko | gɾafiko |
| cinema | noun | Spanish | cine | ˈsine | sine |
| cold | noun | Spanish | frío | ˈfɾio | fɾio |
| computer | noun | Spanish | computadora | komputaˈdoɾa | komputadoɾa |
| concert | noun | Spanish | concierto | konˈsjeɾto | konsjeɾto |
| cost | noun | Spanish | costo | ˈkosto | kosto |
| dance | noun | Spanish | danza | ˈdansa | dansa |
| date | noun | Spanish | fecha | ˈfet͡ʃa | fetʃa |
| description | noun | Spanish | descripción | deskɾibˈsjon | deskɾibsjon |
| difference | noun | Spanish | diferencia | difeˈɾensja | difeɾensja |
| doctor | noun | Spanish | médico | ˈmediko | mediko |
| dog | noun | Spanish | perro | ˈpero | pero |
| door | noun | Spanish | puerta | ˈpweɾta | pweɾta |
| driver | noun | Spanish | conductor | kondugˈtoɾ | kondugtoɾ |
| DVD | noun | Spanish | DVD | debeˈde | debede |
| evening | noun | Spanish | anochecer | anot͡ʃeˈseɾ | anotʃeseɾ |
| eye | noun | Spanish | ojo | ˈoxo | oxo |
| face | noun | Spanish | rostro | ˈrostɾo | rostɾo |
| fact | noun | Spanish | hecho | ˈet͡ʃo | etʃo |
| farm | noun | Spanish | granja | ˈgɾanxa | gɾanxa |
| fish | noun | Spanish | pez | ˈpes | pes |
| flat | noun | Spanish | piso | ˈpiso | piso |
| flight | noun | Spanish | vuelo | ˈbwelo | bwelo |
| floor | noun | Spanish | piso | ˈpiso | piso |
| foot | noun | Spanish | pie | ˈpje | pje |
| friend | noun | Spanish | amigo | aˈmigo | amigo |
| garden | noun | Spanish | jardín | xaɾˈdin | xaɾdin |
| geography | noun | Spanish | geografía | xeogɾaˈfia | xeogɾafia |
| girl | noun | Spanish | chica | ˈt͡ʃika | tʃika |
| glass | noun | Spanish | vidrio | ˈbidɾjo | bidɾjo |
| guitar | noun | Spanish | guitarra | giˈtara | gitara |
| hand | noun | Spanish | mano | ˈmano | mano |
| horse | noun | Spanish | caballo | kaˈbaʝo | kabaʝo |
| hotel | noun | Spanish | hotel | oˈtel | otel |
| hour | noun | Spanish | hora | ˈoɾa | oɾa |
| husband | noun | Spanish | esposo | esˈposo | esposo |
| ice | noun | Spanish | hielo | ˈʝelo | ʝelo |
| idea | noun | Spanish | idea | iˈdea | idea |
| internet | noun | Spanish | internet | inteɾˈnet | inteɾnet |
| interview | noun | Spanish | entrevista | entɾeˈbista | entɾebista |
| job | noun | Spanish | trabajo | tɾaˈbaxo | tɾabaxo |
| journey | noun | Spanish | viaje | ˈbjaxe | bjaxe |
| key | noun | Spanish | llave | ˈʝabe | ʝabe |
| kind | noun | Spanish | tipo | ˈtipo | tipo |
| leg | noun | Spanish | pierna | ˈpjeɾna | pjeɾna |
| letter | noun | Spanish | carta | ˈkaɾta | kaɾta |
| machine | noun | Spanish | máquina | ˈmakina | makina |
| map | noun | Spanish | mapa | ˈmapa | mapa |
| meaning | noun | Spanish | sentido | senˈtido | sentido |
| meeting | noun | Spanish | reunión | reuˈnjon | reunjon |
| mile | noun | Spanish | milla | ˈmiʝa | miʝa |
| minute | noun | Spanish | minuto | miˈnuto | minuto |
| month | noun | Spanish | mes | ˈmes | mes |
| morning | noun | Spanish | mañana | maˈɲana | maɲana |
| movie | noun | Spanish | película | peˈlikula | pelikula |
| newspaper | noun | Spanish | periódico | peˈɾjodiko | peɾjodiko |
| note | noun | Spanish | nota | ˈnota | nota |
| object | noun | Spanish | objeto | obˈxeto | obxeto |
| opinion | noun | Spanish | opinión | opiˈnjon | opinjon |
| opposite | noun | Spanish | antónimo | anˈtonimo | antonimo |
| orange | noun | Spanish | naranja | naˈɾanxa | naɾanxa |
| page | noun | Spanish | página | ˈpaxina | paxina |
| painting | noun | Spanish | pintura | pinˈtuɾa | pintuɾa |
| pair | noun | Spanish | par | ˈpaɾ | paɾ |
| paper | noun | Spanish | papel | paˈpel | papel |
| partner | noun | Spanish | pareja | paˈɾexa | paɾexa |
| past | noun | Spanish | pasado | paˈsado | pasado |
| person | noun | Spanish | persona | peɾˈsona | peɾsona |
| piano | noun | Spanish | piano | ˈpjano | pjano |
| picture | noun | Spanish | fotografía | fotogɾaˈfia | fotogɾafia |
| piece | noun | Spanish | trozo | ˈtɾoso | tɾoso |
| pool | noun | Spanish | piscina | piˈsina | pisina |
| price | noun | Spanish | precio | ˈpɾesjo | pɾesjo |
| problem | noun | Spanish | problema | pɾoˈblema | pɾoblema |
| product | noun | Spanish | producto | pɾoˈdugto | pɾodugto |
| programme | noun | Spanish | programa | pɾoˈgɾama | pɾogɾama |
| quarter | noun | Spanish | cuarta parte | ˈkwaɾta ˈpaɾte | kwaɾtapaɾte |
| question | noun | Spanish | pregunta | pɾeˈgunta | pɾegunta |
| reading | noun | Spanish | lectura | legˈtuɾa | legtuɾa |
| reason | noun | Spanish | razón | raˈson | rason |
| report | noun | Spanish | informe | inˈfoɾme | infoɾme |
| restaurant | noun | Spanish | restaurante | restauˈɾante | restauɾante |
| room | noun | Spanish | habitación | abitaˈsjon | abitasjon |
| rule | noun | Spanish | regla | ˈregla | regla |
| Saturday | noun | Spanish | sábado | ˈsabado | sabado |
| shop | noun | Spanish | tienda | ˈtjenda | tjenda |
| singer | noun | Spanish | cantante | kanˈtante | kantante |
| sister | noun | Spanish | hermana | eɾˈmana | eɾmana |
| situation | noun | Spanish | situación | sitwaˈsjon | sitwasjon |
| sound | noun | Spanish | sonido | soˈnido | sonido |
| sport | noun | Spanish | deporte | deˈpoɾte | depoɾte |
| spring | noun | Spanish | primavera | pɾimaˈbeɾa | pɾimabeɾa |
| statement | noun | Spanish | declaración | deklaɾaˈsjon | deklaɾasjon |
| stop | noun | Spanish | parada | paˈɾada | paɾada |
| student | noun | Spanish | alumno | aˈlumno | alumno |
| subject | noun | Spanish | sujeto | suˈxeto | suxeto |
| sun | noun | Spanish | sol | ˈsol | sol |
| Sunday | noun | Spanish | domingo | doˈmingo | domingo |
| swimming | noun | Spanish | natación | nataˈsjon | natasjon |
| table | noun | Spanish | mesa | ˈmesa | mesa |
| teacher | noun | Spanish | profesor | pɾofeˈsoɾ | pɾofesoɾ |
| tennis | noun | Spanish | tenis | ˈtenis | tenis |
| test | noun | Spanish | prueba | ˈpɾweba | pɾweba |
| text | noun | Spanish | texto | ˈtegsto | tegsto |
| traffic | noun | Spanish | tráfico | ˈtɾafiko | tɾafiko |
| train | noun | Spanish | tren | ˈtɾen | tɾen |
| travel | noun | Spanish | viaje | ˈbjaxe | bjaxe |
| tree | noun | Spanish | árbol | ˈaɾbol | aɾbol |
| trip | noun | Spanish | viaje | ˈbjaxe | bjaxe |
| turn | noun | Spanish | giro | ˈxiɾo | xiɾo |
| visit | noun | Spanish | visita | biˈsita | bisita |
| wall | noun | Spanish | pared | paˈɾed | paɾed |
| weather | noun | Spanish | clima | ˈklima | klima |
| website | noun | Spanish | sitio web | ˈsitjo ˈweb | sitjoweb |
| window | noun | Spanish | ventana | benˈtana | bentana |
| winter | noun | Spanish | invierno | imˈbjeɾno | imbjeɾno |
| word | noun | Spanish | palabra | paˈlabɾa | palabɾa |
| writer | noun | Spanish | escritor | eskɾiˈtoɾ | eskɾitoɾ |
| yellow | noun | Spanish | amarillo | amaˈɾiʝo | amaɾiʝo |
| hundred | number | Spanish | cien | ˈsjen | sjen |
| nine | number | Spanish | nueve | ˈnwebe | nwebe |
| twelve | number | Spanish | doce | ˈdose | dose |
| fifth | ordinalnumber | Spanish | quinto | ˈkinto | kinto |
| opposite | preposition | Spanish | frente a | ˈfɾente a | fɾentea |
| past | preposition | Spanish | más allá de | ˌmas aˈʝa de | masaʝade |
| enough | pronoun | Spanish | bastante | basˈtante | bastante |
| everything | pronoun | Spanish | todo | ˈtodo | todo |
| lot | pronoun | Spanish | mucho | ˈmut͡ʃo | mutʃo |
| nothing | pronoun | Spanish | nada | ˈnada | nada |
| someone | pronoun | Spanish | alguien | ˈalgjen | algjen |
| something | pronoun | Spanish | algo | ˈalgo | algo |
| begin | verb | Spanish | empezar | empeˈsaɾ | empesaɾ |
| believe | verb | Spanish | creer | kɾeˈeɾ | kɾeeɾ |
| break | verb | Spanish | romper | romˈpeɾ | rompeɾ |
| bring | verb | Spanish | traer | tɾaˈeɾ | tɾaeɾ |
| build | verb | Spanish | construir | konstɾuˈiɾ | konstɾuiɾ |
| call | verb | Spanish | llamar | ʝaˈmaɾ | ʝamaɾ |
| carry | verb | Spanish | llevar | ʝeˈbaɾ | ʝebaɾ |
| complete | verb | Spanish | completar | kompleˈtaɾ | kompletaɾ |
| cost | verb | Spanish | costar | kosˈtaɾ | kostaɾ |
| create | verb | Spanish | crear | kɾeˈaɾ | kɾeaɾ |
| cut | verb | Spanish | cortar | koɾˈtaɾ | koɾtaɾ |
| dance | verb | Spanish | bailar | baiˈlaɾ | bailaɾ |
| die | verb | Spanish | morir | moˈɾiɾ | moɾiɾ |
| draw | verb | Spanish | dibujar | dibuˈxaɾ | dibuxaɾ |
| drive | verb | Spanish | conducir | konduˈsiɾ | kondusiɾ |
| fall | verb | Spanish | caer | kaˈeɾ | kaeɾ |
| find | verb | Spanish | encontrar | enkonˈtɾaɾ | enkontɾaɾ |
| finish | verb | Spanish | terminar | teɾmiˈnaɾ | teɾminaɾ |
| follow | verb | Spanish | seguir | seˈgiɾ | segiɾ |
| give | verb | Spanish | dar | ˈdaɾ | daɾ |
| hope | verb | Spanish | esperar | espeˈɾaɾ | espeɾaɾ |
| improve | verb | Spanish | mejorar | mexoˈɾaɾ | mexoɾaɾ |
| interview | verb | Spanish | entrevistar | entɾebisˈtaɾ | entɾebistaɾ |
| join | verb | Spanish | unir | uˈniɾ | uniɾ |
| keep | verb | Spanish | mantener | manteˈneɾ | manteneɾ |
| know | verb | Spanish | saber | saˈbeɾ | sabeɾ |
| leave | verb | Spanish | dejar | deˈxaɾ | dexaɾ |
| let | verb | Spanish | dejar | deˈxaɾ | dexaɾ |
| look | verb | Spanish | mirar | miˈɾaɾ | miɾaɾ |
| mean | verb | Spanish | significar | signifiˈkaɾ | signifikaɾ |
| meet | verb | Spanish | reunir | reuˈniɾ | reuniɾ |
| miss | verb | Spanish | extrañar | egstɾaˈɲaɾ | egstɾaɲaɾ |
| move | verb | Spanish | mover | moˈbeɾ | mobeɾ |
| need | verb | Spanish | necesitar | nesesiˈtaɾ | nesesitaɾ |
| pay | verb | Spanish | pagar | paˈgaɾ | pagaɾ |
| read | verb | Spanish | leer | leˈeɾ | leeɾ |
| say | verb | Spanish | decir | deˈsiɾ | desiɾ |
| sell | verb | Spanish | vender | benˈdeɾ | bendeɾ |
| share | verb | Spanish | compartir | kompaɾˈtiɾ | kompaɾtiɾ |
| shop | verb | Spanish | comprar | komˈpɾaɾ | kompɾaɾ |
| sound | verb | Spanish | sonar | soˈnaɾ | sonaɾ |
| stand | verb | Spanish | estar | esˈtaɾ | estaɾ |
| stay | verb | Spanish | quedar | keˈdaɾ | kedaɾ |
| stop | verb | Spanish | detener | deteˈneɾ | deteneɾ |
| talk | verb | Spanish | hablar | aˈblaɾ | ablaɾ |
| test | verb | Spanish | probar | pɾoˈbaɾ | pɾobaɾ |
| think | verb | Spanish | pensar | penˈsaɾ | pensaɾ |
| travel | verb | Spanish | viajar | bjaˈxaɾ | bjaxaɾ |
| try | verb | Spanish | intentar | intenˈtaɾ | intentaɾ |
| turn | verb | Spanish | girar | xiˈɾaɾ | xiɾaɾ |
| visit | verb | Spanish | visitar | bisiˈtaɾ | bisitaɾ |
| want | verb | Spanish | querer | keˈɾeɾ | keɾeɾ |
| write | verb | Spanish | escribir | eskɾiˈbiɾ | eskɾibiɾ |
| delicious | adjective | Swedish | utsökt | ²ụ:tsö:kt | uutsøøkt |
| downstairs | adverb | Swedish | nere | ²nẹ:re | neere |
| carrot | noun | Swedish | morot | ²mọ:ro:t | mooroot |
| waiter | noun | Swedish | servitör | servitọ̈:r | servitøør |
| upstairs | adverb | Ukrainian | na horí (на горі́) | na ɦoˈrʲi | naɦoɾi |
| hi | exclamation | Ukrainian | pryvít (приві́т) | preˈʋʲit | preβʋit |
| onion | noun | Ukrainian | cybúlja (цибу́ля) | t͡seˈbulʲɐ | tsebuʎɐ |
| pencil | noun | Ukrainian | olivécʹ (оліве́ць) | ɔlʲiˈʋɛt͡sʲ | ɔʎiʋɛtʃ |
| tomato | noun | Ukrainian | pomidór (помідо́р) | pɔmʲiˈdɔr | pɔβmidɔr |
| bored | adjective | Xhosa | ndidikiwe | ⁿd̥idíkiːwe | ndidikiiwe |
| yeah | exclamation | Xhosa | ewe | eːwé | eewe |
| jeans | noun | Xhosa | iijini | íːd̥ʒiːni | iidʒiini |
| ninety | number | Xhosa | amashumi alithoba | ámáːʃûːmi alíːtʰoɓá | amaaʃuumialiitθoɓa |
| salad | noun | Zulu | isaladi | iːsaˈlaːdi | iisalaadi |
| T-shirt | noun | Zulu | isikibha | isiˈkiːba | isikiiba |
| practise | verb | Zulu | jwayeza | dʒwaˈjɛːza | dʒwajɛɛza |
| relax | verb | Zulu | phumula | pʰuˈmuːla | pfumuula |
Simplified scheme and evolution of early PPA and late PPA
As can be seen in the table above, the phonological structures of the original languages were simplified, resulting in the diaphonemic reconstruction known as the simplified scheme. From this simplified scheme, the vocabulary of the early PPA was shaped by phonological changes noted below.
| Meaning | Category | Simplified scheme | Early PPA (2050-2150) | Late PPA (2150-2250) |
|---|
Sound changes
These lists of sound changes are applicable in order in SCA2.
| From "Simplified Scheme PPA" to "Early PPA" |
|---|
| X=ɨɘəɜɐ
ɓ/bʔ/_ ɗ/dʔ/_ ʄ/ɟʔ/_ ɠ/gʔ/_ ʛ/ɢʔ/_
ʘ/pǃ/_ ǀ/ptǃ/_ ǃ/tǃ/_ ǁ/ʈǃ/_ ǂ/cǃ/_
ǃ/hʔ/_ ʍ/hw/_ ɬ/hɮ/_ ʜ/hʢ/_
ʦ/ts/_ ʣ/dz/_ ʧ/tʃ/_ ʤ/dʒ/_ ʨ/tɕ/_ ʥ/dʑ/_ ʃ/çs/_ ʒ/ʝz/_ ɕ/sç/_ ʑ/zʝ/_ ɱ/mɱ/_ f/ɸθ/_ v/βð/_ ʋ/ʋʋ/_ ⱱ/ⱱⱱ/_ ɥ/ʋj/_ w/ʋɰ/_ ɫ/lʟ/_ ɧ/sçj/_
ɱ/m/_ θ/ɸs/_ ð/βz/_
ɻ/ɹ/_ [ⱱɽ]/ɾ/_ [ʙʀʢ]/r/_
ʟ/ɭ/_ [ɮɺ]/l/_
ʡ/ʔ/_ ħ/h/_ ʕ/ɦ/_
ɴ/ŋ/_ q/kʔ/_ ɢ/g/_ χ/xh/_ ʁ/ɣɦ/_
y/wi/_ ʏ/wɪ/_ ø/we/_ œ/wɛ/_ ɶ/wa/_ ʉ/wɨ/_ ɵ/wɘ/_ ɞ/wɜ/_ ɯ/wu/_ ɤ/wo/_ ʌ/wɔ/_ ɑ/wɒ/_
ʋ/βw/_ ɰ/ɣw/_
ɳ/nw/_ ʈ/tw/_ ɖ/dw/_ ʂ/sw/_ ʐ/zw/_ ɹ/rw/_ ɭ/lw/_
ɲ/nj/_ c/tj/_ ɟ/dj/_ ç/sj/_ ʝ/zj/_ ɾ/rj/_ ʎ/lj/_
ɸ/f/_ β/v/_ æ/a/_ ɦ/h/_
i/jɨ/_ ɪ/jɘ/_ e/jə/_ ɛ/jɜ/_ a/jɐ/_ u/wɨ/_ ʊ/wɘ/_ o/wə/_ ɔ/wɜ/_ ɒ/wɐ/_
Xj/\\/_ Xw/\\/_ Xj/\\/_ Xw/\\/_ Xj/\\/_ Xw/\\/_ Xj/\\/_ Xw/\\/_ Xj/\\/_ Xw/\\/_
w//_² j//_²
nw/ɳ/_ tw/ʈ/_ rw/ɻ/_ lw/ɭ/_
nj/ɲ/_ tj/c/_ dj/ɟ/_ sj/ʃ/_ zj/ʒ/_ rj/ɾ/_
ɨɨɨ/ɨɨ/_ ɘɘɘ/ɘɘ/_ əəə/əə/_ ɜɜɜ/ɜɜ/_ ɐɐɐ/ɐɐ/_
ɨɨ/ɨː/_ ɘɘ/ɘː/_ əə/əː/_ ɜɜ/ɜː/_ ɐɐ/ɐː/_
jɨ/i/_ jɘ/ɪ/_ jə/e/_ jɜ/ɛ/_ jɐ/a/_ wɨ/u/_ wɘ/ʊ/_ wə/o/_ wɜ/ɔ/_ wɐ/a/_ ɘ/ɨ/_ ɜ/ə/_ |
| From "Early PPA" to "Late PPA" |
|---|
| C=mnŋrlpbtdkgfsh
V=aeiou
[jɪɨ]/i/_ [wʊ]/u/_ [ɛə]/e/_ ɔ/o/_
v/f/_ β/ɸ/_ z/s/_ ʐ/ʂ/_ ʒ/ʃ/_ ɣ/x/_ ɦ/h/_
ʔ//_ x/h/_
[ɭʎ]/l/_ [ɻɾ]/r/_
[ɳɲ]/n/_ [ʈc]/t/_ [ɖɟ]/d/_ [ʂʃ]/s/_
ɸ/f/_
C//_² V//_²
i/j/V_ u/w/V_ i/j/_V u/w/_V |
Example text
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