Proto-Zanahic

Introduction

Proto-Zanahic is the reconstructed ancestor of Zanahi and other Zanahic languages.

Phonology

Consonants

Reconstructed consonant phonemes of Proto-Zanahic

		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		*m /m/	*n /n/
Stop	voiceless	*p /p/	*t /t/		*k /k/	*ʔ /ʔ/
	voiced	*b /b/	*d /d/		*g /ɡ/
	ejective	*ṗ /pʼ/	*ṭ /tʼ/		*ḳ /kʼ/
Affricate	voiceless		*c /ts/
	voiced		*z /dz/
	ejective		*ṣ /tsʼ/
Fricative			*s /s/	*š /ɕ/		*h /h/
Trill			*r /r/
Approximant			*l /l/	*y /j/	*w /w/

Vowels and Syllabics

Reconstructed vowel phonemes of Proto-Zanahic

	Short		Long
	Front	Back	Front	Back
Close	*i /i/	*u /u/	*ī /iː/	*ū /uː/
Mid	*e /ɛ/		*ē /ɛː/
Open	*a /a/	*o /ɒ/	*ā /aː/	*ō /ɒː/

Reconstructed diphthongs of Proto-Zanahic

	Short		Long
	/i/	/u/	/i/	/u/
/ɛ/	*ey /ɛi/	*ew /ɛu/	*ēy /ɛːi/	*ēw /ɛːu/
/a/	*ay /ai/	*aw /au/	*āy /aːi/	*āw /aːu/
/ɒ/	*oy /ɒi/	*ow /ɒu/	*ōy /ɒːi/	*ōw /ɒːu/

Reconstructed syllabic consonants of Proto-Zanahic

Consonant	Short	Long
*/m/	*m̥ /m̩/	*m̥̄ /m̩ː/
*/n/	*n̥ /n̩/	*n̥̄ /n̩ː/
*/r/	*r̥ /r̩/	*r̥̄ /r̩ː/
*/l/	*l̥ /l̩/	*l̥̄ /l̩ː/
*/ʔ/	*ə /ə/	*əʔ /əʔ/

Note that *i and *u (and their long forms *ī and *ū) are considered the syllabic counterparts of *y and *w respectively.

Morphology

(IN PROGRESS)

Nominals

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

Proto-Zanahi reconstructed personal pronouns

Person	Number	Gender	Nominative	Accusative	Instrumental	Dative	Ablative	Genitive	Locative	Clitic	Possessive pronoun
1	S	M/F	*ʔéṣ	*mé	*móy	*mébi	*méṭ	*méme	*móy	*me	*móh, -áʔ, -óm
	D		*wéʔ	*n̥ʔwé	*n̥ʔúboʔ	*n̥ʔwéy	*n̥ʔwéṭ	*n̥ʔówš	*n̥ʔwí	*nō̆ʔ	*n̥ʔóh, -áʔ, -óm
	P		*wéyeh	*n̥hmé	*n̥hm̥bíš	*n̥hméy	*n̥hméṭ	*n̥hóʔom	*n̥hméy	*nō̆h	*n̥hóh, -áʔ, -óm
2	S	M/F	*túʔ	*twé	*tóy	*tégi	*twéṭ	*téwe	*tóy	*te	*twóh, -áʔ, -óm
	D		*yúʔ	*uʔwé	*uʔúboʔ	*uʔwéy	*uʔwéṭ	*uʔówš	*uʔwí	*wō̆ʔ	*uʔóh, -áʔ, -om
	P		*yū́h	*ušmé	*ušm̥bíš	*ušméy	*ušméṭ	*ušóʔom	*ušmí	*wō̆h	*ušóh, -áʔ, -óm
Refl.	All	All	—	*hwé	*hóy	*hégi	*hwéṭ	*héwe	*hóy	*he	*hwóh, -áʔ, -óm
3	S	M	*hó	*tóm	*téynoʔ	*téhmey	*téhmeṭ	*téhyo	*téhmi	—
		F	*híʔ	*híʔm	*táʔʔi	*téhyaʔay	*téhyāṭ	*téhyāh	*téhyaʔ
		N	*tóṭ	*tóṭ	*téynoʔ	*téhmey	*téhmeṭ	*téhyo	*téhmi
	D	M	*hóʔ	*tóʔ	*téyboʔ			*téyʔowš
		F	*híʔʔe		*híʔboʔ			*híʔboʔowš
		N	*tóy	*tóy	*téyboʔ			*téyʔowš
	P	M	*tṓh	*tónh	*téybiš	*téymoh	*téymoh	*téyšoʔom	*téyšu
		F	*tíʔah	*tíʔn̥h	*tíʔbiš	*tíʔmoh	*tíʔmoh	*tíʔoʔom	*tíʔšu
		N	*táʔ	*táʔ	*téybiš	*téymoh	*téymoh	*téyšoʔom	*téyšu

Demonstrative pronouns

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Numerals

Reconstructed Proto-Zanahic numerals

Symbol	Cardinal number			Ordinal number
	masc.	fem.	neuter
1	*ʔóynoh	*ʔóynaʔ	*ʔóynom	*pr̥ʔtm̥móh, -áʔ, -óm
2	*ṭúwoʔ	*ṭúwaʔʔe	*ṭúwoʔ	*ṭwitíyoh, -aʔ, -om
3	*tréyeh	*tréyeh	*tríʔ	*tr̥tíyoh, -aʔ, -om
4	*keturéh	*keturéh	*ketúrʔ	*keturtóh, -áʔ, -óm
5	*pénke			*penketóh, -áʔ, -óm
6	*šécš			*šecštóh, -áʔ, -óm
7	*heptḿ̥			*heptm̥móh, -áʔ, -óm
8	*ʔoctṓ			*ʔoctowóh, -áʔ, -óm
9	*néwn̥			*newn̥nóh, -áʔ, -óm
10	*ṭécm̥			*ṭecn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm
20	*ṭwíʔcn̥ti			*ṭwiʔcn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm
30	*triʔcónt			*triʔcn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm
40	*keturʔcónt			*keturʔcn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm
50	*penkeʔcónt			*penkeʔcn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm
60	*šecšcónt			*šecšcn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm
70	*heptm̥ʔcónt			*heptm̥ʔcn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm
80	*ʔoctōʔcónt			*ʔoctōʔcn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm
90	*newn̥ʔcónt			*newn̥ʔcn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm
100	*cn̥tóm
1000	*zéhlom

Example texts

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)

• holwoh monewʔom muktōn homʔōnke ???? ????ke ṣn̥ʔyontor.

yaṣanmān muḵtīn wa-ḥamāḵīn ‘an aš-šaraf wa-n-ḥuqūq. Allāh ṭā-hān ‘aql wa-ḍamīr, wa-barā fī-hān ka-yahakarākirān sa-r-rūḥa ṯa-b-barāṯartāṯ.