Consonants
| spelling |
IPA |
Remarks
|
| normally |
final
|
| b
|
/b/ |
/p/ |
|
| ch
|
/x/ |
|
| c
|
/tʃ/ |
|
| cg
|
/dʒ/ |
/tʃ/ |
Treated as a double consonant in terms of checking syllables
|
| d
|
/d/ |
/t/ |
|
| f
|
/f/ |
|
| g
|
/ɡ/ |
/k/ |
|
| gh
|
/ɣ/ |
/x/ |
|
| h
|
/ɦ/ |
— |
|
| j
|
/j/ |
— |
|
| k
|
/k/ |
|
| l
|
/l/ |
Pronounced dark/velarized ([ɫ]) word-finally and before consonants.
|
| lj
|
/ʎ/
|
| m
|
/m/ |
|
| n
|
/n/ |
Assimilates place of articulation with following consonant.
|
| nj
|
/ɲ/ |
|
| ng
|
/ŋ/ |
|
| p
|
/p/ |
|
| q
|
/k/ |
In loanwords
|
| qu
|
/kv/ |
— |
In loanwords
|
| r
|
/r/ |
|
| s
|
/s/ |
|
| sc
|
/ʃ/ |
|
| t
|
/t/ |
|
| v
|
/v/ |
— |
|
| w
|
/v/ |
/f/ |
|
| x
|
/ks/ |
In loanwords
|
| z
|
/z/ |
— |
|
| zj
|
/ʒ/ |
— |
In loanwords
|
|
Vowels and diphthongs
| spelling |
IPA
|
| checked |
free
|
| a
|
/ɑ/ |
/aː/
|
| aa
|
/aː/ |
—
|
| ä
|
/æ/ |
/ɛː/
|
| ää
|
/ɛː/ |
—
|
| aai
|
/aːi̯/
|
| ai
|
/ɑi̯/
|
| au
|
/ɔu̯/
|
| e
|
/ɛ/, /ə/[1] |
/e(ː)/, /ə/[1]
|
| ee
|
/eː/
|
| eei
|
|
| eeu
|
/eːu̯/
|
| ei
|
/iː/
|
| eu
|
/øː/
|
| i, y
|
/ɪ/, /ə/[1] |
—
|
| ie
|
/iə̯/
|
| ij
|
/ei̯~ɪi̯/
|
| iu
|
|
| o
|
/ɔ/ |
/oː/
|
| oi
|
/ɔi̯/
|
| oo
|
/o(ː)/ |
—
|
| ooi
|
/oːi̯/
|
| oou
|
|
| ou
|
/u(ː)/
|
| ö
|
|
| öö
|
|
| öü
|
|
| u
|
/ʊ/ |
/uː/
|
| uo
|
/uə̯/
|
| ui
|
/ʊɪ̯/
|
| uu
|
/y(ː)/ |
—
|
| ü
|
| üü
|
|