Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean/Lexicon

Etymologies possibly linked to Nostratic

Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean	Meaning	Notes
		*ŋV 1st p. pron.
		*mV 1st person pronoun
		*ŋV 1st person pronoun (exclusive?)
		*χwV 2nd person pronoun
		*nV 2nd person pronoun, thou
		*si 2nd person pronoun, thou
		*ṭ[u] 2nd person pronoun, thou
		*sV 3rd person pronoun
		*KVrdV a bird of prey
		*CVnCV a biting insect
		*nV a deictic element
		*nV a demonstrative element
		*ṭVkV (*dwVḳV) a horned animal
		*mVrV a k. of berry
		*[č`w]VHḳV a k. of bird
		*CVmV a k. of bird
		*CVmV a k. of bird
		*HalVḳV a k. of bird
		*HalVḳV a k. of bird
		*kaNV a k. of bird
		*kaNV a k. of bird
		*ḳUĺV a k. of bird
		*ḳUĺV a k. of bird
		*kVṗV a k. of bird
		*kVṗV a k. of bird
		*kwVtV a k. of bird
		*kwVtV a k. of bird
		*ĺVkĺVkV ? a k. of bird
		*sVgV (?) a k. of bird
		*SVlwV a k. of bird
		*SVlwV a k. of bird
		*ṭVrV / *ṭVṭVrV a k. of bird
		*k[i̯a]ma 'a k. of aquatic bird' a k. of bird
		*KVwrV a k. of bird (gallinacean)
		*c`iŋu a k. of bone
		*lVnṭV a k. of cereal
		*lVnṭV a k. of cereal
		*ṭVḳV a k. of duck
		*ṭVḳV a k. of duck or hen
		*č`VHmV a k. of fish
		*kVrV a k. of fish
		*kVrV a k. of fish
		*kećä 'k. of fish' a k. of fish
		*ńowŋa salmon a k. of fish
		*mVsV a k. of fruit
		*mVsV a k. of fruit
		*KVwrV a k. of gallinacean bird
		*wVĺV a k. of grass
		*wVĺV a k. of grass
		*cVmV a k. of grass
		*mula a k. of horned animal
		*mula a k. of horned animal
		*KUmV a k. of insect
		*KUmV a k. of insect
		*ḳUṭḳV a k. of insect
		*ḳUṭḳV a k. of insect
		*lVŋV a k. of insect
		*mVḳV a k. of insect
		*mVḳV a k. of insect
		*pUḳV a k. of insect
		*pVN(T)V ? a k. of insect
		*ṗVnǯV a k. of insect
		*či̯ū́ p𝑖̯ū́𝑝a ( ~ -u) a k. of insect
		*m[a]ŋi a k. of insect
		*ṗVnǯV a k. of insect, louse
		*c`UtV a k. of liquid
		*sUŋV a k. of onion
		*bVrV a k. of predator
		*KVrdV a k. of predator
		*[xq̇]wĕ[l]ʕǝ́ a k. of rodent
		*lVmV a k. of sack
		*jVwV (*ʔVjwV) a k. of tree
		*jVwV (*ʔVjwV) a k. of tree
		*kojw[a] a k. of tree
		*NEḳrV a k. of tree
		*ʔilVmV a k. of tree
		*cVHnV ( ~ *c`-) a k. of ungulate
		*CVxnV a k. of ungulate
		*mVnV a k. of ungulate
		*ḳVwKV a k. of vessel
		*pVNV a k. of vessel
		*sVgV (?) a k. of water bird (gull)
		*lVlV a part of leg, foot
		*cwVkV ( ~ čw-) a small animal
		*mVwć`wV a stinging insect
		*pUḳV a stinging insect
		*eli all
		*kalV ? all, join
		*mVwcwV an insect
		*čă k𝑎̆𝑘i 'a k. of insect' an insect
		*CV(n)CV ? an internal organ
		*morV an ungulate
		*jVrV angry
		*mVńCV animal hair
		*mVńcV ( ~ -c`-) animal hair
		*gujrV antelope
		*gujrV antelope
		*gara arm
		*küjnV arm
		*lVlV arm
		*ćVḳV arm, leg
		*ḳVwVŋV armpit
		*čVbV army, people
		*ṗVdwV; cf. also "Alt. "*pi̯ŏ t𝑖̯𝑜̆𝑡e ( ~ -t-, *pi̯ă t𝑖̯𝑎̆𝑡u) 'light' ashes, burn
		*ṗVlV ashes, dirt
		*dVgV back gedV back gedV back sVrV back tVbV back tVbV back ʔarV back ʔarV back kuNṭV back, rear ṗVŋV back, side bVHCV bad ʔVkV bad ʔVkV bad darV bad, dirty darV bad, dirty bVHCV bad, evil sogwV ( ~ š-) bad, harm ḳerV bark ḳerV bark ḲopV bark ḲopV bark ḳuLV bark ḳVrṗV bark ṭUgV ( ~ -H-) bark, cover ḳuLV bark, peel ḳVrṗV bark, skin ḳocV basket ḳoćV basket kwVrV (~ gw) be angry kwVrV (~ gw) be angry HVŕV be destroyed, fall apart ḳOṗV be full ḳOṗV be full, complete lVχV be ill lVχV be ill HVwV be satiated (?) gVlV be smooth nVkV be visible, see biχV beat biχV beat ṭoḳV beat ṭoḳV beat buṭV beat, break SUTV (?) beat, hit SUTV (?) beat, hit ṭapħa beat, hit ṭapħa beat, hit ṗVrV bee ṗVrV bee, insect [šw]VtV behind, buttock SVtV behind, buttock wa[n]čV belly wa[n]ʒ́wV belly gwVlV belly, entrails kuŋV belly, heart kuŋV belly, heart gUtV / *kUtV belly, intestines gUtV / *kUtV belly, intestines gwVlV belly, liver Ḳarbi belly, stomach Ḳarbi belly, stomach HalV below HalV below ḳVlV ? bend ḳVŋV bend ṭoŋV bend mVrV berry mVkV big t`VwjV ? big wol[a] big wol[a] big ḳUlV big fish ḳUlV big fish dVnwV big tree dVnwV big tree tVdV big, full pVKV big, heavy mVkV big, large č`oḳV ( ~ -q̇-) big, thick č`oḳV ( ~ -q̇-) big, thick tVdV big, thick ʔVnV big, very ʔVnV big, very bišV ( ~ -č`-) bile KuTV bind KVrV bind kojw[a] birch [č`w]VHḳV bird HVwjV bird HVwjV bird ṗVńcwV ( ~ -c`w-) bird's tail käjwV (?-b-) bite, chew ? ḳVCV bite, tear CVnCV biting insect gVcwV(~-čw- ) bitter sVbV bitter bišV ( ~ -č`-) bitter, gall ? gVcwV(~−č𝑤𝑉(~-čw- ) bitter, sour ḳarV black ḳarV black ʔVbV ? black ʔVbV ? black ḳUmV black, dark ḳUmV black, dark mVCHV black, dark Drav. *nal- 'black' black, dark sVrV black, night ṭVrV / *ṭVṭVrV black-cock ʔVlV blade, awl ʔVlV blade, whetstone HVlVḳV blister, abscess HVlVḳV blister, wound bUjlV ? blood bUjlV blood? blood ḳVnV blood blood wirV blood ʔVsxV blood ḳVnV blood, blood vessel HwinV blood, breath ʔVsxV blood, breath ḳurV blood, red ḳurV blood, red blood, red cwVnV spirit; blood blood, spirit mVLV blood; marrow wirV blood; red swVNV blue swVNV blue ṭVlV board, stick bVdV body bVdV body, belly borV, *buŕa boil borV, *buŕa boil ḳVju boil, burn girV bone girV bone HV(w)[č`]V bone HV(w)čV bone ḳač`V bone ḳaCV bone ʒ́VmV ? (cf. also *c`iŋu) bone ṗVjNV bone, tooth ṗVjNV bone, tooth ʔVṗV bosom ʔVṗV bosom ? FU *luwV (*luɣV) 'horse' bovine ? büḲa bow ṭoŋV bow, arc tajV bow, lean mVŋV brain mVŋV brain wVṭV(mV) brain, head wVṭV(mV) brain, marrow; head rVṭV branch rVṭV branch, rod HelV branch, stick šVṭV ? branch, twig, rod cVṗV break, chop buṭV break, split [c]V(n)ʒwV breast ḳerdV breast ṗome breast ʔudV breast, belly mälgi breast, udder mälgi breast, udder sVwHV breath, smell bVrḳV bright ʔVǯV bright ʔVǯV bright boŕa brown boŕa brown KVŋV brown, dark KVŋV ? brown, yellow ŋalmV bug, flea dwVmV build, house "Alt. "*mūga 'bonfire' burn ṗaĺV burn ṗaĺV burn ṗVrV burn wVrV burn wVrV burn buKV burn, bake Alt. *t`èmo ( ~ t-) burn, kindle burn, boil qoṭi burn, fire qoṭi burn, fire t`ülV burn, fire gUrV burn, hot coals gUrV burn, hot coals buKV burn, roast ḳVńV burn, roast, dry Cajŋa ? burn, shine ʒajŋa ? burn, shine paḳV burst ṗVrṗVlV butterfly ṗVrṗVlV butterfly ṗVrV buy, sell ṗVrV ( ~ p-) calf ṗVrV ( ~ p-) calf, bull morV cattle; horse ḳVjwV cave, hole ḳVjwV cave, hole ṗVlV cheek ? bUrV chest, belly bUrV chest, belly mVḳV child berV child, to bear berV child, to bear kenV chin kenV (cf. also *kVngV) chin Alt. *čò k𝑜̀𝑘e ( ~ -i̯u-) 'cheek bone' chin, beard kVṗV chin, jaw cVṗV chop ḳUṭV (cf. also *ḳVtV) chopped piece, to cut ʔarV clan member pVnV clay, mud pVnV clay, mud ḳa(j)dV clothing bVl(w)V cloud bVl(w)V cloud CuxLV coals, burn CuxLV coals, soot, burn [z]VrV cold KurV cold KurV cold SVŋV cold ʒ́VrV cold SVŋV cold, frost Horä come, go; rise pVnč`wV (?) coniferous tree pVnč`wV (?) coniferous tree, resin ḳVnVṭV corner, enclosure ? ḳVnVṭV corner, wall dwVrV court, enclosure ṭUgV ( ~ -H-) cover ḳaṗV cover, close ḳaṗV cover, close kar-/*ker- crane kar-/*ker- crane c`VrV crust ḳUrV curved, bent čVḳV ( ~ *č`-) cut ḳUṭV cut ḳVc`V cut kVlV ? cut CarV cut, sharp HamV dark rVmV dark rVmV dark sVmV dark ṭVmV dark ṭVmV dark muṭV dark dark, black mVCHV dark, black sVmV dark dark, black muṭV dark, cloudy kVcwV ( ~ -čw-) darkness, night gojńV dawn gojńV dawn, light lVwŋV dawn, light lVwŋV dawn, noon dʷVjɣV day, shine dʷVjɣV day, shine ŋera day, sun, light ŋVwV decease mVnV deer ʔelV deer ʔelV deer ʔoru deer, antilope pOgV deer, he-goat mV demonstr. pronoun mV demonstr. pronoun ṭV demonstr. pronoun ṭV demonstr. pronoun ḳV demonstrative pronoun sV demonstrative pronoun rVCV dew, liquid muṭV die, finish HwelV die, starve PIE *nek'- die; kill ḳVṗV dig, hack gwVCV direction, road gwVCV direction, road, pass böḳa dirt c`VrV dirt c`VrV dirt kodV dirt kodV ? dirt lVḳwV dirt magV dirt, earth ? [ʒ]VḳV dirt, faeces SVḳV dirt, faeces KUCV ? dog ḳVpV ? dog ḳVpV ? dog ŋindV dog ŋindV dog ŋVḳV dog bVrV dog, wolf KUCV [?] dog, wolf ŋVḳV dog, wolf CVm(ŋ)V dream jVgU drink CUtV drink, liquid ʔEmV drink, swallow HVṗV drink, water gwVlV dry ḳVjwV(rV) dry ḳVjwV(rV) dry kVkV dry kVk𝑉𝑘V dry KVmV dry ḳVs(w)V dry sušV dry śušV dry dry gwVlV (cf. also */ḳ/alV) dry, burn ḳorV dung, mud bur(H)V dust bur(H)V dust ṭVṭV dust, ashes ṭVṭV dust, ashes, smoke böḳa dust, dirt gülV dwelling gülV dwelling KVrWV ear KVrWV ear ʔVCV early ʔVrV early ʔVrV early ʔVcwV early, dawn DVG- earth DVG- earth magV earth ṭVŕV earth, dust ṭVŕV earth, dust UNV eat Drav. tin- 'eat' eat UNV eat, drink cimu ( ~ ć-, č-, č`-) top, summit edge Hońća edge HońcV edge mVcV ( ~ -c`-) edge ṗerV edge PVlV edge PVlV (but cf. also *ṗVlV) edge mVcV ( ~ -c`-) edge, side ṗerV edge, side ṭUĺV egg ṭUĺV egg c`VjḳV elbow, forearm küjnV elbow, knee ʔaḳV elder brother or sister eńV elder brother/sister ʔVṭV (cf. also *tajV) elder male relative, father ʔaḳV elder relative ʔVṭV elder relative ʔilVmV elm gErV enclosure gVrdV enclosure gVrdV enclosure wVč`V ( ~ -ǯ-) enclosure dwVrV enclosure, yard gErV enclosure, yard [s]UwV end; mouth ḳarV enemy ḳarV enemy SVKV evening sVrV evening ʒwVṗV evening ʒwVṗV evening, sleep sun(d)V ( ~ ś-, š-) extinguish extinguish HuḲa eye, see HuḲa eye, see HwVlV eye, see SVmrV eyebrow (> eyelid); hair of head mVŋV face kVṗV face, chin pVNV face, forehead mVĺV face, head mVṭV face, head pVNV ? face, head mVŋV face, nose, mouth mVṭV face, skin on head ḳVtV fall HewV fall, descend HewV(jV) fall, descend, disappear ḳUlV far; next PV[s]V fart PVSV fart gwVjV fat gwVjV fat sebV ( ~ ś-, š-) fat, intestines aṗV father aṗV father ṗVĺV feather ṗVĺV feather, tail nVzV ( ~ -ʒ-) female ṗenV female mVṭV female genitalia mVṭV female genitalia kälU female in-law kälU female in-law eńV female relative mVjNV female relative mVjNV female relative natV female relative natV female relative wVč`V ( ~ -ǯ-) fence, enclosure HwelV fight, kill pVrV finger č`wVṗV finger, claw č`wVṗV finger, claw pVrV finger, fingernail ḳVrV finger, toe CVCxV fire dʷVɣV fire dʷVɣV fire ṗVxwV fire ṗVxwV fire zVcwxV fire HenkV fire, burn HenkV fire, burn nVjV fire, burn ŋera fire, burn ṗVrV fire, burn ʔumV ? fire, burn ʔumV ? fire, burn cVḳV ( ~ *č-) fire, to strike fire lVmV fire, warmth č`VHmV fish dVgV fish dVgV fish mVǯHV fist ṗVnḳV fist, handle kompV fist, wrist mVǯHV fist; ? squeeze with a fist, crumple lVṗV flat lVṗV flat ṭaPV flat ṭaPV flat ṗVlHV flat, level ṗVlHV flat, level ṭalV flat, plain pur_cwV(GV) / *pülcwV(GV) flea pur_cwV(GV) / *pülcwV(GV) flea SVĺV flesh, fat flesh, blood c`ebV flesh, fat swVĺV flesh, fat ńVjrV flow ńVjrV flow bVlV flow, gush bVlV flow, gush ṗarV fly ṗarV fly ṗVlV fly, flea ṗVlV fly, midge musV fog HVlV food HVlV food, eat tVlV foolish, deceive bVl(m)V foot, knee ṗVHdV foot, sole ḳVrV foot, toe ni̯VnV forest, wilderness NVlV four [čw]VlɣV fox [čw]VlɣV fox, weasel lVmV fragile sVŋV fringe, thread śVŋV ( ~ *ć`-) fringe, thread gwVrV frog gwVrV frog HalV front HanṭV front HanṭV front ʔedV front, breast front mVńV front, breast mVńV front, breast ʔedV front, breast newRV front, nose HalV front, outside pič`V frost, cold čVgV frozen snow čVgV frozen snow bVrq̇wV fruit bVrq̇wV fruit HVp`V ? full HVPVTV full malV full ṭVngV full ṭVngV full tVrV full wV(n)CV full, all wV(n)CV full, all ṭVmV full, fill HarV furrow HarV furrow, hoe ṗVrV buy, assemble gather, assemble ḳUṭV genitalia ḳUṭV genitalia malV get in pairs, pair > two ga get, obtain ajṭV ~ *amṭV? gift, allotment ajṭV ~ *amṭV? gift, allotment ćwVHV give gi[ɫ]ħu glittering gi[ɫ]ħu glittering [c]VbV glue ćabV glue, join HVŕV go astray, fall apart HVjV go, come HVjV go, follow ṭVkV (*dwVḳV) goat ʔoru goat, deer pOgV goat, ram, deer mVlV good näḳi good näḳi good (of soul) bVtV ? good, big dUgV good, fit wVlV good, new ʔVjV good, proper ʔVjsV good, take care ? ĺVkĺVkV goose SVrV grain SVrV grain kamV grasp kamV grasp HamV grasp, seize, press kuCu grass ćVmV grass, reed c`UlV grass, twigs kuč`u grass, vegetables c'VjrV grey c'VjrV grey ṗoŋV gum, resin, mud ńVjlV part of face, gums gums oŕV guts, inside ṭanV hack cVḳV hair k`VSV hair ńä[w(ŋ)]a [cf. *ŋVjV] hair ńä[w(ŋ)]a [cf. *ŋVjV] hair nVwrV hair nVwrV hair ŋVjV hair p`un(́)V hair p`un(́)V hair pUdV hair sVHrV hair sVHrV hair ṭVrV hair ṭVrV hair k`VSV hair ? Ḳila hair, beard burV hair, eyebrow pUdV (? *HapUdV) hair, feather burV hair, hair of head q̇irV hair, head ŋVjV hair, rope Ḳila hair, stalk sVPV hair, tail palV half, part mVńV ( / *mVń-rV?) hand mVńV ( / *mVń-rV?) hand kompV hand(ful) bVgu hand, arm udV hand, arm ŋVlV ? hand, bone ŋVlV ? hand, elbow ṗVnḳV hand, fist udV hand, limb ḳVmV ? hard ḳVmV ? hard, bone pVKV hard, firm sogwV ( ~ š-) harm, deceive c`VrV harsh, ragged q̇irV head ḳapV head, back of head sVmV hear SVmV hear ḳiwlV hear, ear NY *me- 'hear; ear' hear, ear sVʎV(mV) heart śVʎV(mV) heart ḳerdV heart, breast [H]indV heat mVnḳV heavy, labour cVčV herd berg[i] high berg[i] high TVGV high tujpV hill bVgV ( ~ -ɣ-) hill, rock tujpV hill, top wVdV hit wVdV hit HangV (cf. also *wonkV) hole k`VCV hole ḳUrV hole wonkV hole ḳVwVŋV hole, cavity gop`a hole, empty gop`a hole, empty k`VCV hole, mouth p`u[ṭ]V hole, vulva HVlwV hollow HVlwV hollow, cavity ḳäṗV hoof ḳäṗV hoof sUdV hoof ṭUṗV hoof ṭUṗV hoof hoof, finger(nail) c`UdV hoof, hoof deformation ḳirV horn mVrgV horn mVrgV horn; root bVrV horned animal bVrV horned animal ṗäḳV hot, warm pVrV house ʔU[ṭ]V house ḳojmV village, hut house, village mVk`V humid, wet ʔVkV (*ʔVgV) I, myself ʔVkV (*ʔVgV) I, myself; we [1st p. pronoun] mV I, we [1st p. pronoun] jVkV ice, cold jVkV ice, cold m[ä]rV ill, die m[ä]rV ill, die tVkV insect, vermine tVkV insect, vermine ḳwVŋV insect, worm lVŋV insect, worm ʔudV inside, stomach ŋiV interrog. or relat. pronoun ŋiV interrog. or relative pronoun ḳV interrogative pronoun mV interrogative pronoun [c']VlV intestine ć'VlV intestine ḳUʒwV intestine ḳUʒ́wV intestines ḳVmV stomach, intestines ? intestines lVŋ(d)V intestines oŕV intestines ʔVŋV jaw, palate ʔVŋV jaw, palate bVgu joint, limb bVjV joy bVjV joy, desire sVḳV ( ~ š-) juice, ferment lVKV jump, run lVŋ(d)V kidney, heart KolV kill ḳVwχV kill bVl(m)V knee sVnV knee, ankle kUŋ[d]V knife, cut, break ṭanV know ṭanV (?*-ŋ-) know know, hear nerV know, name lVmbV large fish zīwe(ŋkV) large predator zīwe(ŋkV) large predator sUrV large, heavy sUrV large, heavy gUlV laugh gUlV laugh, merry bolV leaf bolV leaf lVṗV leaf ṗVlV leaf tree ṗVlV leaf tree lVṗV leaf, bark HelV leaf, branch Alt. *pòŋa ( ~ *p`-) 'bud' leaf, flower HVrVlV (*HVlVrV) leaf; reed? ɫaḳV leg ɫaḳV leg ḳVwlV leg, arm ḳVwlV leg, limb ṭalV level ground laḳV lick laḳV lick lašV ? lick lašV ? lick talV lick, drink ḳVwjV lie Howri light, burn Howri light, burn SulV light, loose HVlV light, shine HVlV light, shine jVḳV light, shine jVḳV light, shine mVlV light, shine ṗVHdV limb kanpV lip, soft excrescence kanpV lip, soft excrescence GurV liquid GurV liquid lVṭV liquid lVṭV liquid sVwV liquid śVwV liquid lVḳwV liquid, dirt L[ä]jV liquid, flow Alt. *pi̯ā̀ki liver liver CK *ponta " liver tVrV(ŋV) liver, belly mVLV blood, marrow? liver, intestines mVxlV ( ~ *mVlxV) lizard, slug mVxlV ( ~ *mVlxV) lizard, worm zVmV loins, groin tel(ḥ)V long tel(ḥ)V long śVnV long bone [s]VPV long hair, tail ḳUlV long, far HVgU long, high wVŕV long, wide wVŕV long, wide SulV loose lVCV loose(n) pVN(T)V ? louse ṭäjV louse ṭäjV louse ñejV louse, nit ʔVjV love, good mVnzV luminary mVnʒ́V luminary pVjLV lung, liver pVjLV lung, spleen gVntV male gVntV male mVḳV male, male child ḳaćV ( ~ -ć`-) man mänV man mänV man m[o]nV many m[o]nV many ṗalV many ṗV(H)- ? many bVtV ? many, big ṗalV many, full [sw]VjmV marsh [sw]VjmV marsh, uncultivated land ḳ[u]nV marten ḳ[u]nV marten ńVḳV(rV) meat sUḳV meat ʔomsV meat ʔomśV meat cVč𝑉čV meat, animal sUḳV meat, deer mVḳV meat, liver mVḳV meat, liver ńVḳV(rV) meat, roe, intestines ʔarV member of the clan mVtV moisture mVtV moisture ṭVlgV(nV) moon, heavenly body ṭVlgV(nV) moon, luminary ṗuKdV (?) morning HamV morning / evening SVKV morning ~ evening ŋańV morning, clear sky kuńV ? moth ʔVjV ? mother ʔVjV ? mother ʔVmV mother ʔVmV mother, woman balV mountain malV mountain malV mountain wVrV mountain wVrV mountain TVGV mountain, high balV mountain, hill gʷVrV mountain, hill gʷVrV mountain, hill ṗVrV mountain, top ṗVrV mountain, top cVḳV ( ~ *c`-) mouse CVḳV (cf. also *cwVkV ( ~ čw-)) mouse, squirrel gʷVĺV mouse, squirrel [s]UwV mouth HVwV mouth, hole HVwV mouth, hole č`VmV ? mouth; eat ʔVpV mouth; speak ʔVpV mouth; to speak ḳorV mud, dung ṗoŋV mud; gum, resin HVwV multitude; be satiated pUtV mushroom, fungus pUtV mushroom, sponge luku naked, take off clothes ĺVm(ŋ)V name ĺVm(ŋ)V name ṗVtV name ṗVtV name, call šamV name, shape [s]VKV nape, back śVKV nape, back dVgV nape; back č`VnV narrow ṭijV narrow č`VnV narrow, thin ʔVbV near ḳVlV neck kVŋkV neck, collar HVŋV neck, throat ḳVlV neck, throat nVKV neck, vertebra ʔVlV negative particle ʔVlV negative particle ʔe negative verb žVjŋV new CVrV new, fresh žVjŋV new, good CVrV new, young wVlV new, young HUdV night kVcwV ( ~ -čw-) night lVlV night lVlV night ? *ŋańV 'morning, clear sky' night, dawn HUdV night, sleep zVNV night, sleep ʒ́iNV night, sleep ʔamV night, sleep ñejV nit sajrV nit, louse sajrV ( ~ *ś-) nit, louse ḳVŋV nose ḳVŋV nose ne(H)wRV nose ŋVkCV nose wiKV (?*ujKV) nose wiKV (?*ujKV) nose CVxrV nose, nostril cwVxrV nose, nostril ʔVnV not ʔVnV not, negative particle ʔe not, negative verb gVrVbV notch, sign nVwV now; new nVwV now; new tVrV numerous, full (cf. PIE *ar- 'nut') nut, fruit gwVrV old gwVrV old zVr(d)V old ʔUdV one ʔUdV one ʔVrV one ʔVrV one PIE *sem- one dwV(j)ḳV one, finger dwV(j)ḳV one, finger (?) ʔo(ŋ)nV one, self sUŋV onion, odorous grass ṗan[c]V open ʔVrHV open space ʔVrHV open space HangV open, hole ʔaḳa open; hole nerV order, custom ni̯VnV original place aĺV other side other gUjV other gwVjV other mVnḳV pain, wound gilV painful state, grief gilV painful state, grief gagtV pair, one of a pair ŋVnV palate, tongue ŋVnV palate, tongue Yuk. *caʷlǝʒǝ- hand, Nivgh. *cälmǝ palm palm ṗVlŋV palm (of hand) ṗVlŋV palm of hand, handful ńVjlV part of face ŋVk[čw]V part of nose Alt. *t`ā́nV ( ~ -ē-) (?) part of nose part of nose čVKV part of shoulder čVKV part of shoulder, joint gEpSV paw, grasp gEpčwV paw, hand ɣoŋɣV peg, nail ḳUjḳV peg, nail (cf. also *kikV 'bite', *ḳVkV 'break, peck') peg, nail ḳUjḳV peg, root bVĺV penis bVĺV penis ṗacV ( ~ -c`-, -č-) penis ṗaćV ( ~ -ć`-, -č-) (cf. also *pVjcV ( ~ -č-)) penis čVbV people, army baja place baja place ṭVrṗV pleasure, satisfaction malV plenty, abundant küɫä pond küɫä pond laḳwV pool, low ground laḳwV pool, low ground ṗVdV pot ṗVdV pot pVNV pot mVlV pray ma prohibitive / negative particle ma prohibitive particle, not [č]iru pus, rot Ciru pus, rot ńukV push, move ṭurV quick ṭurV quick pV[ṭ]V quick, swift musV ? rain, fog, steam HVrćV ( ~ -ć`-) (cf. also *rVCV) rain, pour HVrV rare HVrV rare rare, new HVrVlV (*HVlVrV) reed tajV relative-in-law ḳVCV (also *kVCV) ring, hook ḳVč`V ring, spool ŋwVkV rise HVgU rise, stand up ʔVpV rise, up ʔVpV rise, up ʔur(H)V road ʔur(H)V road mVrV road, walk lVgV ? rod, strap lVgV ? rod, strap t`VrV(ŋV) roe; inside tV(H)mV root, bone (?) tV(H)mV root, bone (?) root, bone (??) wVr[t]V root, herb wVr[t]V root, herb ḲurV root, sprout ḲurV root, stalk wVŕV ( ~ *HuŕV) rope, thread ḳoĺV round ḳoĺV round ṭompV round ṭompV ? round, convex kuNṭV rump, buttocks nVKV rump, neck bok[a] run bok[a] run ʔurKV run, drive lVmV sack, bag CalV salt sVbV salt, bitter čwalV salt, sea č`VmV salty, sour cwVwVrV salty, sour ki[ǯ]V sand kiCV sand ṭVrṗV satisfaction tVHV say wVḳV say, call čVwV ( ~ *č`-) say, sound čVwV ( ~ *č`-) say, sound pVkV scab ś(w)VcwV scatter, sift ḳwVnCV scrape, scraper ḳwVncwV scrape, scraper wVrcwV scratch ḳVSV scratch, scrape wVrcwV scratch, scrape jamV sea sVjɣwV sea, shallow jamV sea, water sVjɣwV sea, water ʔVnjV see, eye ṗVrV seed, kin ṗVrV seed, kin sVjHV seed; to sift HamV seize ʔo(ŋ)nV self bedV separate, split aHulV settlement palVHV settlement palVHV settlement aHulV settlement ( < *root, seed?) šamV shape Hoḳi sharp CVNV sharp object Hoḳi sharp point, tooth c`iĺV sharp stick c`iĺV sharp stick pVxwV sharp, to whet pVxwV sharp, to whet kV(n)ḳV shell kV(n)ḳV shell, bark ḳVnčV shin, shank ḳVnčV shin, thigh bVrḳV shine, bright mVlV shine, burn belV shine, burn (several roots?) belV shine, glitter laṗV shine, glitter bVɣV shine, light bVɣV shine, light IE *leuk- ? shine; burn tVlV shoulder tVlV shoulder, arm ṗVŋV shoulder, shoulder-blade IE *rewǝ- shout, roar shout tVjḳV show, point at ēco ( ~ -ć-, -č-) sick, ill bVḳV side bVḳV side (of body) SirV sinew; root SirV sinew; root sVnV ( ~ ś-, š-, ć`-) single, first sVnV ( ~ š-, c`-) single; apart, asunder SäwCV sister, woman? SäwCV sister, woman? ḲaĺV skin ḲaĺV skin perV skin perV skin ṗVtV skin ṗVtV skin ṭVlV skin ṭVlV skin pVkV skin, bark kamV skin, crust, peel ṭVwq̇V skin, hair ṭVwq̇V skin, hair on body kamV skin, husk ḳapV skull HaḳumV sky, cloud HaḳumV sky, cloud kVCV slanting ʔamV sleep [ʒ]VlV slide, creep SVlV slime SVlV slime, dirt cVḳV small CVḳV small ḳVṭV small ṭijV small ciṗV small bird ciṗV small bird ṗenV small female animal ṭVnV small, thin, short ḳVṭV small, young pVwjV small. child pVwjV small. child cwVHmV smear mVjrV smear, fat mVjrV smear, fat ć`ämV smear; fat [s]VwHV smell ṗunV smell sun(g)V smell śun(g)V smell ṗunV smell, breathe, smoke mUc`V ( ~ -s-) smile ǯun[k]V smoke ǯun[k]V smoke nVbV smoke, cloud nVbV smoke, cloud gVlV smooth CVNV smth. sharp ṗVjmV snake ʔanKV snake ʔanKV snake IE *nētr- 'snake' snake lVmbV snake, eel lVmV soft, fragile mVlV soft, mild lVjńV soft, weak LVṗV soft, wet LVṗV soft, wet Alt. *mùsi 'steam, spirit' soul, breath CVwVrV sour č`VmV sour, bitter sVḳV ( ~ ś-, š-, ć`-) sour, ferment ṭVgV span ṭVgV span jVnV speak, say, sound jVnV speak, sound ṗuNV spin, twist ṗuNV spin, twist cwVnV spirit ṭupV spit ṭupV spit ḳiwHV spit, fang ḳiwHV spit, fang lVṗV ? spleen lVṗV ? spleen tV(H)ʎV spleen tV(H)ʎV spleen, liver cVlV split CVlV split, tear off ṗVrjV spread CVχrV spread, extend pVdV spread, long PVnV spring bira (*bujra) spring, flow bira (*bujra) spring, flow p`iSV sprinkle p`isV sprinkle kanVbV stalk kanVbV stalk, peg čwVrV stand dVštV star HVzwVrV star, luminary dV[š]tV ? star, moon HVźVrV star, shine ṭVlV stem, board ColV steppe, valley, meadow ColV steppe, valley, meadow bVč`V stick ḳVlV stick ḳVlV stick bedV stick into, pierce bVč`V stick, pole ḳUrV stick, tree ḳUrV stick, tree ḳVmV ? stomach, intestines ḳElV stone kiwV stone ṭ/aj/lV stone ṭ/aj/lV stone bVgV ( ~ -ɣ-) stone, hill kiwV stone, mountain ḳElV stone, rock burV ( >> *p-) storm burV ( >> *p-) storm Huwa stream, flow of water Huwa stream, flow of water ṭumgV stump ṭumgV stump, trunk SUṗV suck zUkV suck muḳV swallow, gobble suck, swallow eli sufficient, complete si̯aχu (-ɣ-) sun si̯aχu (-ɣ-) sun ? PT *daŋ 'dawn'; PJ (Ryukyu) *tianta 'sun' sun, day laHm[u] swamp laHm[u] swamp šwxVjṗV sweep cwVtu sweet cwVtu sweet, tasty ḳudV tail ḳudV tail toḳE tail toḳE tail ṗVńcwV ( ~ -ćw−,−č𝑤-,-čw-, -ǯ-) tail, (long) hair śVrV back tail, back ga take ʔanV take gerV take, bring tVKV take, bring ʔVpV take, carry gVṭV take, get kantV take, grasp ʔVpV take, seize ṭVHmV taste xamV, *xamŋV taste (*xamŋV 'mouth') cVḳV temple, hair on temple ṗV(H)- ? ten, many ʔU[ṭ]V tent ḳoĺV testicle ḳoĺV testiculus ʔVbV that, that near ʔa (*ʔe) that, this ʔu that, this ʔu that, this ʔa (*ʔe) that, this (prob. *Ha that, *He this) ṭujV (*ṭVwjV) thick ṭVkV thick ṭVkV thick, full bongä thick, swell bongä thick, swell bVgtV thigh bVgtV thigh ṗVǯkV thigh, leg (?) ṗVǯkV thigh, rump cUṗV thin ṭVnV thin ćUṗV thin, narrow HVdV thing HVdV thing; interrog. stem cV ( ~ č-) this cV ( ~ č-, ć-) this ḳV this ʔi (*hi) this ʔi (*hi) this ʒwVgV thorn ʒ́wVgV thorn NEḳrV thorny bush χwV thou (obl. forms?) [2nd p. pronoun] nV thou thou [2nd p. pronoun] ṭ[u] thou [2nd p. pronoun] HVŋV throat kUṭV throat, intestines kUlV throat, swallow kUlV throat, to swallow cVḳV tickle tVḳV tie, weave CVCV tip, spout čVčV tip, spout ŋāńi to approach, follow ṗVrXV to ask, pray ṗVrXV to ask, pray mUCV to bare teeth buHi to be woɣlV to be woɣlV to be ʔa ? to be ʔa ? to be ʔesA to be ʔesA to be kVCV to be angry kVCV to be angry, hostile ṭVkV to be completed, exhausted ṭVkV to be lost, exhausted buḳV to be mad, stupid HwVlV to be visible c`olHV to be well ColHV to be well ʔelA to be, live ʔelA to be, live š[e]wV to bear š[e]wV to bear ṭVlV to bear ṭVlV to bear, lift ṗVṭV to beat ṗVṭV to beat ḳVwχV to beat, hit büḲa to bend cVḳV to bend Garḳu to bend Garḳu to bend guḳa to bend guḳa to bend güpA to bend ḳVlV ? to bend ḳVŋV to bend ɫoŋḳa to bend ɫoŋḳa to bend, bow KUrV to bend, turn güpA to bend; hump, heap KuTV to bind, girdle taxlwV to bind, harness kikV to bite ṭVHmV to bite, taste c`ajV to blink, shine, shade CajV to blink, shine, shade dVwɣV to blow p`uSV to blow p`uSV to blow ṗuɣV to blow ṗuɣV to blow dVwɣV to blow, shake Hewa to blow, winnow Hewa to blow, winnow ḳüpä to boil, foam ḳüpä to boil, foam gVbV to boil, roast lUŋ(k)V to bore, dig cVḳV to bow, bend ṗVSV to break, crumble ʔVrHwV to break, cut, wound ʔVrHwV to break, scatter, tear HwinV to breathe ʔanqV to breathe ʔanqV to breathe /ḳ/alV to burn ć`wVwV (?*HVwć'wV) to burn cwVwV (?*HVwcwV) to burn dekO to burn dekO to burn Hase to burn HaSe to burn ḳVńV to burn ṗVdwV to burn ṭülV to burn kVwrV to burn, bake kVwrV to burn, bake ḳVju to burn, boil CVlV to burn, flash gVbV to burn, heat nVjV to burn, sun paḳV to burst, split (many roots) CVḥV (?) to call gVjwV to call gVjwV to call ḳErV to call ḳErV to call č`VrV to care čVrV to care HVrV to change, borrow HVrV to change, distribute käjwV (?-b-) to chew lVkV to collect, count lVkV to collect, count ṗanV to collect, put muṭV to complete ḳa(j)dV to cover ḳVrV to cover, protect gʷVnV to covet sexually gʷVnV to covet sexually aĺV to cross, other side pi(u)čV to crush ṗVjńV to crush, press pi(u)CV to crush, squeeze muɣrV to cry ḳVwV to cry, shout jVrV to curse, be angry ɣVcV ( ~ -c`-) to cut ɣVčV ( ~ -č`-) to cut ḳVć`V to cut mVc`V to cut ṭanV ? to cut ṗVwV to cut, hit, saw ṗVwV to cut, hit, saw kVlV ? to cut, knife CarV to cut, sharp sVḳV to cut, split śVḳV to cut, split mVCV to cut, tear tVlV to deceive KolV to die, kill ḳVṗV to dig, hack palV to divide, cut in half jVgU to drink tVrV to drink, flow KVmV to dry šwVrV to dry šwVrV to dry sun(d)V ( ~ š-) to dry up, extinguish ʒeGV to eat ʒeGV to eat ʔitV to eat ʔitV to eat ḳVmV to eat, gulp ḳVmV to eat, gulp ŋēni to enter, go ḳVtV to fall ṗeṭV to fall ṗeṭV to fall, (down) ṗVjlV to fall, fly ṗVjlV to fall, soar belHi to fear, be angry belHi to fear, be scared zUkV to ferment, squeeze juice ṭVmV to fill, stuff ḳUdV to finish ḳUdV to finish dUgV to fit, be good ḳVnV to fit, be good CVlV to flash, shine CurV / *CorV to flow, drip CurV / *CorV to flow, drip tUKV to flow, pour lVjḳV to follow, send, leave lVjḳV to follow, send, leave gVṭV to get be[rH]u to give be[rH]u to give cwVHV to give dwV[H]V to give dwV[H]V to give KVmV ? to give birth, family kVngV to gnaw gVwV / *gwVjV (?) to go meŋV to go ŋēni (cf. also *ŋāńi) to go, come ʒ́wVHV to go, come ʒwVHV to go, come, drive gVwV / *gwVjV (?) to go, follow mVrV to go, walk HaṗV to grasp HaṗV to grasp ḳaṗV to grasp ḳaṗV to grasp [p]itV to grasp, seize zVr(d)V ( ~ *ʒ-) to grow buHi to grow, become tajV to hang [s]VŋʒwV ? to hang down; stand (?) kUŋ[d]V to harm, break CVrV to hate, be annoyed ǯVrV to hate, be annoyed ḳiwlV to hear ḳVrV to hide, protect KuĺV to hide, secret ḳVkV to hit, break mVqwV to hit, push gerV to hold ʔanV to hold, seize wVlV to howl, cry wVlV to howl, cry anTV to join, together anTV to join, together lVKV to jump, run ḳVs(w)V to kindle, dry cwVnV to know g(w)enV to know g(w)enV to know CVḥV (?) to know, consider ćwVnV (cf. also *sVnV) to know, think sVnV to know, think wetV to lead wetV (cf. also *dwVwV 'run') to lead, to go šVwV to let, agree l[a]pV to lick talV to lick lVm(ŋ)V to lick, swallow l[a]pV to lick; lip ḳVwjV to lie kVlV to lie, fall down kVlV to lie, sleep (also 'fall', cf. 412?) alV to listen, hear alV to listen, hear ḥujV to live ḥujV to live tVjḳV to look, show KuĺV to lose, hide wärV to make wärV to make KVmV ? to marry ḳVnV to match, fit dVnV to melt, flow dVnV to melt, flow kalV ? to mix, join SVlV to move SVlV to move ńowda to move quickly ńowda to move quickly, pursue mVqwV to move, push ćeKV to move, step ṗanCV to open, spread ʔaḳa to open, spread luku to peel, naked CoḳV to pierce CoḳV (cf. also *čVḳV) to pierce źVḳV to plait zVḳV to plait, smth. plaited HUbV to plait, weave HUbV to plait, weave rVCV to plait, weave, rope (?) tIgwV to plant vertically ṗIḳV to polish, rub L[ä]jV to pour lVHwV to pour ṗVHV to pour, drink to pour ṗVHV to pour, drink tUKV to pour, drop ʒwVHlV to pour, stream piCV ? to prepare food piCV ? to prepare food ńamV to press, seize ńamV to press, seize ṭVnV to pull ṭVnV to pull, stretch nVq̇V to push, beat; grind (2 roots?) nVq̇V to push, beat; grind (2 roots?) ńukV to push, pull dVʕV (*d[i]ɣV) to put dVʕV (*d[i]ɣV) to put ṗanV to put HVlV to receive (+ bestow) kVdwV ? to rise kVdwV to rise to rise ḲaLi to rise, raise ḲaLi to rise, raise Horä to rise; move, go HUlV to roll HUlV to roll murV to roll, twist ṗVšV to rub, crumble ṗIḳV to rub, scratch dwVwV to run ḳacwV to run ṭoKV to run ṭoKV to run ʔurKV to run ṭVŕgV to run, road tVHV to say wVḳV to say, call mVlV to say, pray s(w)VcwV to scatter ḳirV to scrape ḳirV; cf. also *gVrV scratch, *gVrVbV notch, sign to scrape ḳV[sw]V to scrape gVrV to scratch xVḳV to scratch xVḳV to scratch ʔVwʒwV(HV) to see silV to see, eye wEdwV to see, eye ʔVnjV to see, eye HwVjV to see, guard HwVjV to see, guard silV to see, inspect šVḳV to see, know šVḳV ( ~ *ć`w-) to see, know wEdwV to see, know, search ʔVwCV(HV) (cf. also *ʔincV) to see, perceive [p]itV to seize, press dVrV to shake nVkV to shine, be visible laṗV to shine, glitter, flash ḳVwV to shout, sound sVjHV to sift č`VṗV to sink č`VṗV to sink ʒVlV to slide, creep ḥVwV (?) to speak ḥVwV (?) to speak watV to speak watV to speak sVjwV to speak, shout sVjwV ( ~ *ś-) to speak, shout muɣrV to speak, sound wVŕV ( ~ *HuŕV) to spin, plait KVrV to spin, wind lUŋ(k)V to split, bore ṗVrjV to spread pVdV to spread, long CVχrV ? to spread, strew čwVrV to stand sVlV to stand (?) sVŋʒ́V to stand, hang down (?) tIgwV to stand, plant vertically ŋwVkV to stand, rise menV to stay nV(w)HV to stay, be, stand menV to stay, reside NEgV to stick in, pierce NEgV to stick in, pierce bulV to stir, mix bulV to stir, puddle nV(w)HV to stretch, stand cVḳV ( ~ *č-) to strike fire kUdV to submerge [c`w]VṗV to suck ʔEmV to suck CVrbV to suck (?) [c]VrbV to suck, leech C(w)VHrV to suffer c`VHrV to suffer dVwV to suffer dVwV to suffer, die enV to suffer, die enV to suffer; pain cwalV to suffice, be full HVṗV to swallow L[ü]ḳa to swallow L[ü]ḳa to swallow lVm(ŋ)V to swallow Sem[H]V to swallow Sem[H]V to swallow tVrV to swallow, drink muḳV to swallow, gobble balʕ[u] to swallow, throat gwVrV to swallow, throat gwVrV to swallow, throat balʕ[u] to swallow, throat; pipe swxVjṗV to sweep bari to take bari to take kantV to take ʔVjsV to take care of, honour HVlV to take, receive č`VmV ? to taste, eat xamV to taste, sour p`äŕ[a] to tear, break, split p`äŕ[a] to tear, break, split ḳV[ǯ]V to tear, rip manu to think manu to think ʒVm(ŋ)V to think, dream ḳVńV to tie, bind ḳVńV to tie, bind taxlwV to tie, net tVKV to touch Koki to trace Koki to trace dVrV to tremble ṭurV to turn round ṭurV to turn round ʔVŋV to understand, brain (?) gUrV to understand, see gUrV to understand, see swiḳV ( ~ šw-) to urinate [š]ehŕa to wake źwehŕa to wake ṭVlV to wake, become clear ṭVlV to wake; see > eye (?) gVrV to walk, go gVrV to walk, run meŋV to walk, run lVHwV to wash, soak mVjV to weaken, disappear mVjV to weaken, disappear lVCV to wear out; weak, exhausted wVc`V to wear, put on rVcV ( ~ -c`-) to weave (a lattice?) c`VmrV to wink, eyelid h/a/wV to wish wiʎ/g/V to wish wiʎ/g/V to wish h/a/wV to wish (cf. 173) ʔVnV(jV) to wish, help šVwV to wish, let buḳV to worry, be stupid ʔewV to wound, kill ʔewV to wound, kill tilV(ŋV) tongue tilV(ŋV) tongue Ḳä[lH]ä tongue, to speak Ḳä[lH]ä tongue, to speak palV tooth palV tooth ɣoŋɣV tooth, peg ḳVmbV tooth, sharp edge ḳVmbV tooth, sharp edge ḳVḳV top ḳVḳV top mVĺV top KVmPV top of head KVmPV top of head TUmV top of head, hair TUmV top of head, hair of head ḳirV top of head, horn cimu ( ~ č-, č`-) top, summit ṭaṗV touch, plaster ṭaṗV touch, plaster, attach ? ceKV tramp, step ṗUjV tree ṗUjV tree widV tree dʷirV tree, wood dʷirV tree, wood c`UlV twig, branch šVṭV ? twig, rod murV twist tVḳV twist, weave malV two tuʔV ( ~ *tuq̇V) two tuʔV ( ~ *tuq̇V) two NVlV two / four / eight gagtV two, pair jVŕV two, pair jVŕV two, pair ʔVŋV understand, brain ʔirV ungulate ʔirV ungulate kVŋkV upper part of chest, collarbone swiḳV ( ~ šw-) urine, urinate gowlV valley gowlV valley, deep kala vessel kala vessel ḳaṗV vessel ḳaṗV vessel ḳVwKV vessel koṭV village koṭV village, house ḳojmV village, hut p`u[ṭ]V vulva pVjcV ( ~ -č-) vulva ṗuKdV wake kä[lH]V walk, roam, ford kä[lH]V walk, roam, ford ṭVŕgV walk, run, road (several roots? assimilations?) lVmV warm ṭ[ä]pV warm ṭ[ä]pV warm Ur. *kačV 'warm' warm bVnV ? wash mVs(k)V ( ~ -ʒ-) wash mVś(k)V ( ~ -ʒ́-) wash HVrcV ( ~ -c`-) wash, flow bVnV ? water wetV water wetV water ʕEḳu water ʕEḳu water ʒwVHlV water, pour kUdV water, to submerge mEwV water, wet mEwV water, wet wV we (pronoun) wV we we, I [1st p. pronoun] HalV (cf. also *lVjV ) weak lVjV weak ṭVrV weak lVjńV weak, lax HalV weak, tired ŋVwV weak, tired, dead ṭVrV weak, young wVCV wear, dress ēco ( ~ -č-) weary, tired (H)wiɫV wet (H)wiɫV wet wet mäŕä wet mäŕä wet mVk`V wet mV what, interrogative pronoun swVḳV ( ~ cw−,č𝑤-,čw-) white swVḳV ( ~ cw-,čw-) white, clean CV who ḳV who, what ḳVĺwV whole ḳVĺwV whole, all, combine ćwalV whole, full ṗaṭV wide ṗaṭV wide, open čwalV willow čwalV willow CalV ? wind, to blow gara wing; arm PVnV winter ~ spring gImV winter, cold gImV winter, cold ʔVnV(jV) wish ḲüjnA wolf, dog ḲüjnA wolf, dog k/u/nV woman k/u/nV woman nVzV ( ~ -ʒ-) woman, female widV wood ḲorV worm ḲorV worm kuńV (if < *kuj-nV?) worm mVṭV worm mVṭV worm ṗäri worm ṗäri worm ḳwVŋV worm, insect ŋalmV worm, insect w[e]ṭV year w[e]ṭV year CVnV year, old zVnV year, old si you "Alt. "*bāla 'child, young' young ṭVlV young animal, plant ṭVlV young animal, plant majrV young male majrV young male ḳacV ( ~ -c`-) young man ḳʷVŕV young of animals ḳʷVŕV young of animals ḲanV young, child ḲanV young, child

Etymologies possibly linked to Macro-Khoisan

Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean	Meaning	Notes
*dʑoʔa	ashes	*ʒ́o[a]
*tsəha	cold	*cha-
*ʢa	deictic stem	*Ha
*tʼəʔu	dew	*ǀu
*tɬʼə-χuɦə	dry	*ǀǀXU
*ts3uɦə	excrement	*CU
*ts3a(ɴə)	fat	*Ca(N)
*vuɦə	father	*BU
*tʼə-ʁə	hair	*ǀʁV
*tɬaʔu	hand	*ƛ[a]u
*ɳətsʼəʔu	kidney	*ɳ!u-
*gətʼəʔa	leaf	*ɡǀa
*tɬaɴə	lizard	*ƛaNV
*pʼə-ha	meat	*ʘha
*ʢajə	mother	*[H]aj-
*tɬʼakʼəɴə	shoe	*ƛ̣aḳVNV
*tsʼəkʼə	smoke	*c̣VḳV
*ʎi	to blow the nose; snot	*ʎi-
*tɬək3ə	to chop	*ƛVKV
*kəxe	to cry, sound	*kxe
*kə-ŋə	to know	*kVʔV[ŋ]
*ʔits3a	to steal	*[i]Ca-
*tɬʼə-kəxa	to wash	*ǀǀkxa
*tɬʼə-ɢo	tortoise	*ǀǀGo-