Phonology
Consonants
| Proto-Azzanic reconstructed consonants
|
|
|
Labial
|
Denti-alveolar
|
Retroflex
|
Palatal
|
Velar
|
Uvular
|
Glottal
|
| central
|
lateral
|
| Nasal
|
*m
|
*n
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Plosive
|
plain
|
*p
|
*t
|
|
*ṭ
|
|
*k
|
*q
|
*ʔ
|
| voiced
|
*b
|
*d
|
|
*ḍ
|
|
*g
|
*ɢ
|
|
| Fricative
|
voiceless
|
|
*þ *s
|
*ś
|
|
|
|
|
*h
|
| voiced
|
|
*ð *z
|
*ź
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Affricate
|
plain
|
|
*c
|
*ć
|
|
|
|
|
|
| voiced
|
|
*ʒ
|
*ʒ́
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Approximant
|
*w
|
|
|
|
*y
|
|
|
|
| Liquid
|
|
*r
|
*l
|
|
|
|
|
|
Consonant correspondences
| PGam
|
*p
|
*b
|
*pʼ
|
*t
|
*d
|
*tʼ
|
*s
|
*z
|
*c
|
*cʼ
|
*ś
|
*ź
|
*ć
|
*ćʼ
|
*k
|
*g
|
*kʼ
|
*kʷ
|
*gʷ
|
*kʷʼ
|
*q
|
*ɢ
|
*qʼ
|
*qʷ
|
*ɢʷ
|
*qʷʼ
|
*m
|
*n
|
*l
|
*r
|
*y
|
*w
|
*ʔ
|
*h
|
| Rax
|
p, u-
|
b
|
ph, hu-
|
t
|
d
|
th
|
z
|
z
|
tz
|
tzh
|
ł
|
l
|
tł
|
tłh
|
tx
|
x
|
txh
|
qu
|
gu
|
hu
|
c
|
g
|
ch
|
qu
|
gu
|
hu
|
m, -n
|
n
|
l
|
r
|
y
|
u
|
h
|
Ø
|
| PTal
|
*p
|
*b
|
*ɸ
|
*t
|
*d
|
*θ
|
*h
|
*z, *r
|
*s
|
*s
|
*h
|
*λ
|
*t, *k
|
*ł
|
*k
|
*g
|
*x
|
*kʷ
|
*gʷ
|
*xʷ
|
*q
|
*ʁ
|
*χ
|
*q
|
*ʁ
|
*χ
|
*m
|
*n
|
*l
|
*r
|
*j
|
*w
|
*ʔ
|
*h
|
| Wio
|
f
|
p
|
b
|
þ
|
t
|
d
|
s, ß, r
|
Ø
|
ß
|
ß
|
s
|
z
|
s
|
ɟ
|
h
|
k
|
g
|
ƕ
|
qu
|
w
|
h
|
[ʔ]
|
[ʔ]
|
ƕ
|
qu
|
w
|
m
|
n
|
l
|
r
|
j
|
w
|
[ʔ]
|
[ʔ]
|
| PBon
|
*p
|
*b
|
*pʼ
|
*t
|
*d
|
*tʼ
|
*x
|
*ɣ
|
*s
|
*cʼ
|
*s
|
*z
|
*č
|
*čʼ
|
*k
|
*g
|
*kʼ
|
*p
|
*b
|
*pʼ
|
*ʔ
|
*ʔ
|
*ʔ
|
*ʔʷ
|
*ʔʷ
|
*ʔʷ
|
*m
|
*n
|
*l
|
*l
|
*y
|
*w
|
Ø
|
Ø
|
| PKoi
|
*p
|
*b
|
*p̓
|
*t
|
*d
|
*t̓
|
*s
|
*z
|
*c
|
*c̓
|
*ł
|
*λ
|
*ƛ
|
*ƛ̓
|
*k
|
*g
|
*k̓
|
*k
|
*g
|
*k̓
|
*q
|
*ɢ
|
*q̓
|
*q
|
*ɢ
|
*q̓
|
*m
|
*n
|
*l
|
*r
|
*y
|
*w
|
*ʔ
|
*h
|
Vowels
|
|
Front
|
Central
|
Back
|
| Close
|
*i *ī
|
|
*u *ū
|
| Mid
|
*e *ē
|
|
*o *ō
|
| Open
|
|
*a *ā
|
|
Suprasegmentals
Stress fell on the first heavy syllable (the last syllable was disregarded); if there was no long syllable, the stress fell on the first syllable.
Phonotactics