Sekhulla

Soc'ul'
soc'ul'
Jul soc'ul', "Soc'ul' language" in the Wacag script
Pronunciation	[so̞˧kʷʰu˩lˀ]
Created by	Dillon Hartwig
Date	2020
Setting	Pollasena
Native to	Knrawi Isles
Ethnicity	Cuoñ'o
Era	-1700 to -700 MT
Language family	Wasc Sekhulla Soc'ul'
Official status
Official language in	Knrawi Empire
Language codes
CLCR	qsc
Range map of Soc'ul' (green) and Knrawi (pink), c. -1200 MT

Soc'ul' /ˈsoʊkʊl/ (Soc'ul': [so̞˧kʷʰu˩lˀ]) is a Sekhulla language spoken primarily by the Cuoñ'o people, with strong influence from Knrawi and other languages of the Knrawi Isles.

Etymology

Soc'ul', the language's autonym, is inherited from the Sekhulla autonym səkʰulːa, from Wascotl *(cek)-cek-sole-la "our tongue".

Orthography

Soc'ul' is written with the Wacag logography. Its romanization is as follows.

Soc'ul' Romanization

A a	Á á	Ā ā	B b	B' b'	C c	C' c'	Cñ cñ	Cñ' cñ'	D d	D' d'
E e	É é	Ē ē	H h	I i	Í í	Ī ī	Ï ï	J j	L l	L' l'
M m	M' m'	N n	N' n'	Ñ ñ	Ñ' ñ'	O o	Ó ó	Ō ō	P p	Pf pf
Pm pm	Pm' pm'	R r	R' r'	S s	T t	Tn tn	Tn' tn'	Ts ts	Tx tx	T' t'
U u	Ú ú	Ū ū	Ü ü	V v	V' v'	X x	Y y	Ý ý	Z z	Z' z'

This romanization matches IPA except

• ⟨c⟩, ⟨e⟩, ⟨h⟩, ⟨j⟩, ⟨ñ⟩, ⟨x⟩, and ⟨y⟩ represent /k/, /ə/, /ʔ/, /x/, /ŋ/, /ʃ/, and /ɰ/
• ⟨pm⟩, ⟨tn⟩, ⟨cñ⟩, ⟨pf⟩, ⟨ts⟩, and ⟨tx⟩ represent /ᵖm/, /ᵗn/, /ᵏŋ/, /p͡f/, /t͡s/, and /t͡ʃ/
• ⟨ü⟩ and ⟨ï⟩ represent /u/ and /i/ when ⟨u⟩ and ⟨i⟩ would cause ambiguity
• ⟨o⟩ represents /ə/ when realized as [o̞] except between a labialized consonant (except allophones of /u(ː)/) and a plain velar consonant (except /ɰˀ/)
• Apostrophes mark glottalization and aspiration.
• Acutes and macrons mark long and overlong vowels respectively, except in ⟨ý⟩ in which it marks glottalization.
• Labialization and palatalization are marked by surrounding vowel letters.

Phonology

Consonants

Consonants

	Labial			Alveolar			palatal			Velar		Labialized velar		Glottal
Nasal	m			n						ŋ			ŋʷ
Stop	p	pʰ	b	t	tʰ	d	k	kʰ	kʷ	kʷʰ
Fricative		fʰ	v	s ɬ	sʰ ɬʰ	z ɮ	ʃ	ʃʰ	ʒ	ɣ		ɣʷ		h
Approximant				r l			j			w

• All voiced consonants can be geminated

Vowels

Vowels

	Front		Central		Back
High	i	ɨ		u	uː
Mid			ə	əː
Low			a	aː

• /ɨ/ only occurs postvocalically.

Stress

Stress is variably final, penultimate, or antipenultimate.

Phonotactics

Syllables are at most (C)V(C).

Morphology

Alignment

Sekhulla has nominative-accusative morphosyntactic alignment.

Nouns and pronouns

Nouns are marked for class, number, case, and possession by particles before the noun as follows.

Noun particles

	ACC	POSS	PL	LOC
1	a	en	ez'	he
2		nej		hej
CL1/CL2		nu		hé
CL3	al	nil	ez'e	hel
CL4	ax	nux		hex
CL5	ád	nid'		hed'

• Nouns with suppletive plural forms do not use plural particles, and plural particles are not used on nouns modified by numerators.

Pronouns

Pronouns do not exist independently (except see Possession); the person and class of dropped nouns are instead only shown through verb agreement.

The demonstrative haːl can also be used as a pronoun.

Verbs

Agreement

Verbs agree with the person and class of their agent and patient as follows.

Verb agreement prefixes

	>1	>2	>CL1	>CL2	>CL3/CL4	>CL5
1	sec-	soc-	seic-	seh-	setn-	cu-
2	cor-	coz-	cor-	coh-	cox-
CL1	íús-	íúy-	aí-	íúh-	íún-	íū-
CL2	har-	hau-	z'ai-	∅-	han-	hu-
CL3	in-	nau-	ixú-	nal'-	iy-	nu-
CL4	an'-	ñ'o-	ñ'ai-	ñ'ih-	añ'-	u-
CL5	us-	úu-	úi-	ba-	úx-

• Intransitive verbs are marked with patient agreement of the agent's class, and impersonal verbs are unmarked.

Copula

The copula pazən inflects as follows.

Copulae

	>1	>2	>CL1	>CL2	>CL3/CL4	>CL5
1	syen	suén	syíún'	sehan'	setnayn	sun'
2	coren	cozen	coríún'	coban'	coriyn	cun'
CL1	íúsyen	íúzen	aíún'	íúban'	íúnen	íún'
CL2	haryen	huén	hazíún'	hazen	harin'	hun'
CL3	nasen	nuén	naíún'	nahlan'	nayn	nun'
CL4	an'yen	ñ'ón	ñ'aíún'	ñ'iban'	ñ'in'	un'
CL5	sén	uén	uaíún'	ban'	uinayn

Numerals

Sekhulla uses base-12 numerals.

Numerals

1	2	3	4	5	6
haːl	əh	ta	am	kʷi	kuː
7	8	9	10	11	12
əzaːl	əːh	əda	əam	əɣʷi	ɬi
13	24	144	1,728	20,736	248,832
ɬi haːl	əh ɬi	əsʰi	ɬiɣan	əsʰiɣan	ɬi əsʰiɣan

Nouns are not marked for number when using numerals.

Derivational morphology

-aʃ

The causative suffix -aʃ can be used productively on any verb, as well as being used nonproductively on some verbs deriving verbs of new meanings.

-suʃ

-suʃ can be used productively to derive adjectives.

Syntax

Constituent order

SVO or VSO order is most common, but word order is flexible.

Noun and verb phrases

All modifiers follow their head noun or verb, except aspect-mood particles precede verbs and the demonstrative haːl precedes nouns. Generally numerators follow adjectives and possessors follow all other modifiers, but otherwise modifier order is flexible.

Dependent clauses

Dependent clauses follow the head they modify after all other dependents, and are usually marked with a relativizer aːaːə-.

Example texts

Linguifex-hosted translations

• Translated works in Sekhulla
• Sekhulla/Test Case Sentences
• Sekhulla/Corpus

Conlang Atlas of Language Structures-hosted translations

• CALS translations

Other resources

CALS