Introduction
Phonology
Orthography
Consonants
|
Labial |
Dental |
Alveolar |
Lateral |
Postalveolar |
Palatal |
Velar |
Glottal
|
| Voiceless Stop/Affricate |
p /pʰ/ |
t /tʰ/ |
ts /ts/ |
tσ /tɬ/ |
tj /tʃ/ |
|
k /kʰ/ |
|
| Voiced Stop/Affricate |
b /p~b/ |
d /t~d/ |
dz /dz/ |
dλ /dɮ/ |
dj /dʒ/ |
|
g /k~g/ |
|
| Voiceless Fricative |
f /f/ |
th /θ/ |
s /s/ |
σ /ɬ/ |
sj /ʃ/ |
|
ch /x/ |
h /h/
|
| Voiced Fricative |
v /v/ |
dh /ð/ |
z /z/ |
λ /ɮ/ |
zj /ʒ/ |
|
gh /ɣ/ |
|
| Nasal |
m /m/ |
n /n/ |
|
|
|
|
ng /ŋ/ |
|
| Approximant |
|
|
|
l /ɫ/ |
r /ɹ̱/ |
y /j/ |
w /w/ |
|
Vowels
| Vowel |
IPA
|
| a |
/a/
|
| æ |
/ɛ/
|
| e |
/ɘ/ or /ə/ depending on dialect
|
| i |
/ɪ/
|
| o |
/ɔ/
|
| ø |
/ɵ/
|
| u |
/ʉ/
|
Lenition
| Normal |
p |
t |
ts |
s |
tσ |
σ |
tj |
sj |
k |
b |
d |
dz |
z |
dλ |
λ |
dj |
zj |
g
|
| Lenited |
f |
th |
s |
h |
σ |
h |
sj |
h |
ch |
v |
dh |
z |
0 |
λ |
0 |
zj |
0 |
gh
|
| Normal |
m |
n |
ng |
w |
l |
r |
y
|
| Lenited |
w |
n |
w |
w |
w |
r |
y
|
Prosody
Stress
Stress is on the first syllable, not counting prefixes.
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Morphology
Syntax
Constituent order
Noun phrase
Verb phrase
Sentence phrase
Dependent clauses
Example texts
Other resources