Verse:Ed Dynje/Tonal tricons IE

Ed Dynje/Tonal tricons IE
Wieber-Muts
Pronunciation	[/ˈviːbɐ ˈmuːts/]
Created by	IlL
Extinct	Developed into Middle Wiebian in 400 v.C.
Language family	Pfeuno-Kitelucquian Pfeunic Wiebic Ed Dynje/Tonal tricons IE
Language codes
ISO 639-3	qwb

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Mirror Ancient Wiebian is M-Hussmauch's counterpart to Ancient Wiebian. It is intended to be a result of morphing (tho not by regular sound changes) Ancient Wiebian into an Irish-like language.

Background

Ed Dynje/Tonal tricons IE or M-Classical Wiebian is the oldest attested form of M-Wiebian, used as a spoken language until 400 v.C.

Orthography

See also: Wiebian/Script.

Ed Dynje/Tonal tricons IE script is based on the M-Tergetian script (same as Tergetian script modulo a few letters); letter names derive from M-Primitive Tergetian.

Phonology

Ed Dynje/Tonal tricons IE phonology is based entirely on Irish.

Phonotactics

(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)

Consonants

Voiceless plosives were lightly aspirated. Auslautverhärtung (final obstruent devoicing) as in German or Dutch.

Early Ancient Wiebian

Early Ed Dynje/Tonal tricons IE consonants

		Labial	Lamino-dental	Apico-alveolar	Co-articulated	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m /m/		n /n/	đ [ŋǃ]		ng /ŋ/
Plosive	voiceless	p /p/	t, th /t̪/		ŧ /ǃ/		k /k/	/ʔ-/
	voiced	b /b/	d /d̪/		đ /ɡǃ/		g /ɡ/
Fricative		f /f/	ss, sz /s̻/	s /s̺/;	ś, sch /ɧ/ ƨ /ɧ̬/		ch, h /x/	h /h/
Affricate		pf /pf/	z, tz /ts̻/
Trill				r /r/
Approximant		w /w/		l /l/		j /j/

Gemination was phonemic in Early Ancient Wiebian and was often marked with double letters. The gemination sign, transcribed as c (Ang, deriving from ˀangom, the Primitive Tergetian letter for the glottal stop), is also often used in Early Ancient Wiebian texts. It acts like the Japanese sokuon symbol: nu swicle /nuː(ə) s̺wilːə/ 'I slid (intransitive)'. By late Ed Dynje/Tonal tricons IE most gemination signs fell into disuse and were replaced with double letters. c only survived as part of the graphemes ck for /k/ after a short vowel, and ch [x], which was in complementary distribution with h [h] by that time.

Late Ancient Wiebian

Late Ed Dynje/Tonal tricons IE consonants

		Labial	Alveolar	Co-articulated	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal		m /m/	n /n/	đ [ŋǃ]		ng /ŋ/
Plosive	voiceless	p /p/	t, th /t/	ŧ /ǃ/		k, ck /k/		/ʔ-/
	voiced	b /b/	d /d/	đ /ɡǃ~ŋǃ/		g /ɡ/
Fricative	voiceless	f /f/	ß /s/	sch /ɧ~ʂ~ʃ/	ch /ç/		ch [χ]	h /h/
	voiced	w /v/	s /z~ʃ~s/, ƨ /ʃ/
Affricate		pf /pf/	z, tz /ts/	tsch /tʃ~ʈʂ~kɧ/
Trill			r [r]				r /ʀ/
Approximant			l /l/		j /j/

n assimilates before clicks and velar plosives to /ŋ/.

A syllable cannot begin with a vowel in Wiebian. Words beginning with an orthographic vowel begin with a glottal stop initial.

In Late Ancient Wiebian /ʀ/ (from Early Ancient Wiebian /r/) is always vocalized to [ɐ] before a consonant or word-finally (as in North German dialects). /ʀ/ had a special pronunciation [r] for ceremonies, singing and stage performances, and public announcements.

[χ] is an allophone of /ç/ after back vowels. Final -ig is pronounced /ɪç/.

Vowels

In Early Ed Dynje/Tonal tricons IE each vowel had an independent length. This changed in Late Ed Dynje/Tonal tricons IE when vowels before single consonants were lengthened, so that the orthographic final came to determine vowel length. Final -h was also deleted to trigger compensatory lengthening of the vowel, which is why open long vowels are often written with an -h after the vowel.

Early Ancient Wiebian

Early Ed Dynje/Tonal tricons IE vowels

	Front				Central		Back
	unrounded		rounded
	short	long	short	long	short	long	short	long
Close	i /i/	ie, i, ih /iə~iː/	ü /y/	üe, ü, üh /yə~yː/			u /u/	ue, u, uh /uə~uː/
Mid	e, ä /ɛ/	e, ä /eː/	ö /œ/	ö /øː/	e /ə/		o /o/	o /oː/
Open					a /a/	a /aː/

Diphthongs: au /ɜu/ äu, eu /eʏ~øʏ~eu/ ei /ɛɪ/

Late Ancient Wiebian

Late Ed Dynje/Tonal tricons IE vowels

	Front				Central		Back
	unrounded		rounded
	short	long	short	long	short	long	short	long
Close	i /ɪ/	ie, i /iː/	ü /ʏ/	ü, üh /yː/			u /ʊ/	u, uh /uː/
Mid	e, ä /ɛ/	e, ee, eh, ä, äh /eː/	ö /œ/	ö, öh /øː/	e /ə/		o /ɔ/	o, oo, oh /oː/
Open-mid					/ɐ/
Open					a /a/	a, aa, ah /aː/

Diphthongs: au /aʊ/ äu, eu /ɔʏ/ ei /aɪ/

Stress

Syllables may have primary or secondary stress. The first syllable of the root is heavily stressed, at the expense of prefixes and endings. The first component of compounds receives primary stress while the subsequent parts receive secondary stress.

Grammar

Parts of speech

Ed Dynje/Tonal tricons IE inflected both nouns and adjectives according to case and number. The inflection of adjectives in addition depended on their position and definiteness.

Nouns

Nouns can be preceded by a definite article ein.

definite article (similarly for possessive pronouns nein, mein, winder, wein, sein, linder, lein):

Number	Singular		Dual	Plural
Gender	Masculine	Feminine		Masculine	Feminine
Nominative	ein	eine	einer	einet	einer
Accusative	eine	eine	einer	einet	einer
Genitive	ein	einen	einend	einst	einst
Dative	einisch	einer	einend	einens	einen

Gender

Nouns have two genders, masculine and feminine. Nouns of each gender take their respective verb endings and pronouns in Ed Dynje/Tonal tricons IE.

Number

Ed Dynje/Tonal tricons IE has three numbers, like Proto-Pfeuno-Kitelucquian: singular, dual and plural.

The dual is marked by dual case suffixes.

Ed Dynje/Tonal tricons IE has many morphological ways of forming plurals, some of which may be combined.

• -e suffix: Ŧehr 'bird' > Ŧehre
• -en suffix: Ŧeib 'harp' > Ŧeiben
• ⁱ-er
• -et suffix
• De- prefix
• ⁱ "de-umlauting" the singular stem
• plural ablaut

The plural form of a noun was unpredictable.

The genitive plural could be in a third ablaut grade.

Case endings

In Ed Dynje/Tonal tricons IE, nouns are also inflected in 4 cases:

• Nominative: subject
• Accusative: direct object, some adverbial expressions
• Dative: indirect object, some adverbial expressions, possessor after Ed Dynje/Tonal tricons IE
• Genitive: it's your bog-standard genitive case.
  • The genitive is often "hyphenated" to the word it modifies because of its ambiguity.

First declension
Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	Gein	Geiner	Geine
Accusative	Geine	Geiner	Geinen
Genitive	Gein-	Geinend	Geinen-
Dative	Geinisch	Geinend	Geinens

Case and adpositions

Adpositions combine with the definite article ein, e.g. ehrner Heste (< *er einer...) 'for the wife'.

• dach - with (dat), dachn-
• die - into/in (acc/dat), dien-
• đei - partitive (gen), đein-
• ehr - for (dat), ehrn-
• gar - to, towards (acc), garn-
• lie - from (dat), lien-
• nöter - 'by means of' (gen)
• pfalt - before (dat), pfaltn-
• sie - onto/on (acc/dat), sien-
• tab - towards/at (acc/dat) tabn-
• trieg - around (dat) triegn-
• zecker - after (dat), zeckn-

Adjectives

Predicative adjectives: no ending

Weak adjectives (Adjectives modifying definite nouns): Just one ending, -e

Strong adjectives (other attributive adjectives):

Case	Singular		Dual	Plural
Gender	Masculine	Feminine		Masculine	Feminine
Nominative	-en	-e	-ig	-te	-er
Accusative	-es	-e	-ig	-te	-er
Genitive	-e	-er	-lich	-st	-st
Dative	-es	-en	-lich	-ens	-en

Degree

Wiebian uses analytic constructions for degrees of adjectives.

In Ed Dynje/Tonal tricons IE, to form the comparative one attaches the semi-serial verb kloh ('cross'; athematic) to the predicative form of the adjective. (The same applies to verbs.) The standard of comparison is in the accusative. The superlative is identical to the comparative.

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

Person →	1			1+2		2
Number →	Singular	Dual	Plural	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
Case ↓
Nominative	nu	um		wich	winden	sie	lich	linden
Accusative	nue	umen		wich	wien	sie	lich	lien
Genitive	inn	ume		wind	wie	sie	lind	lie
Possessive pronouns	nein	mein		winder	wein	sein	linder	lein
Dative	ins	umens		wind	wiens	sies	lind	liens

Wiebian lacks true third-person pronouns. The closest equivalents are the demonstratives mi 'this' and a 'that'.

Possessive pronouns were derived from combining genitive pronouns with another element, such as the definite article ein or an adjectival suffix -er.

Verbs

Verbs have stem forms for present, past and verbal noun which are not always distinct. (A similar but more well preserved system is found in Themsarian). Verbs are often additionally marked by auxiliary words to disambiguate the tense, because most forms are identical or very similar.

The three principal parts are thus the present imperative, the past 2s form and the verbal noun.

The citation form is the present stem, which is also the short 2nd person singular imperative in Ed Dynje/Tonal tricons IE.

Jussive endings are only found in special registers.

Personal endings

In Ed Dynje/Tonal tricons IE, the verb is also inflected for person.

Athematic stems umlaut in the present for certain persons; thematic stems always umlaut in the preterite.

Imperative endings
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1.in	-	-ner	-n
2	-Ø	-ler	-l

Indicative endings
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1	i-n	-end	-em
1.in	-	-ner	-en
2	i-er	-ler	-el
3.m	i-n	i-ung	i-e
3.f	i-s

Formation of verbal principal parts

Verbal nouns are formed by one of the following methods:

• -s
• ablaut
• ⁱ-el
• -en
• -ke
• Prefix Ge-

TAM auxiliary constructions

Some tense constructions

Meaning	Ed Dynje/Tonal tricons IE construction
perfect	duom + [subject]-DAT + (zraf can go here for progressive) + [verb]-VERBAL_NOUN-ACC

Numerals

Cardinals 0-10: ühm, wahm, discher, narg, đauf, sälisch, stuhm, rut, lerz, pfarb, kier

Ordinals are formed with the suffix -er: pfalter, stefter, narger, đaufer, sälischer, stuhmer, ruter, lerzer, pfarber, kierer

Syntax

Word order

Constituents are arranged in V2 order in both Ed Dynje/Tonal tricons IE and most modern topolects (with more variation allowed in classical poetry). Noun modifiers (adjectives and possessors) almost always precede the modified noun.

Use of "es"

es is a particle borrowed from the Primitive Tergetian emphasis clitic =is. Originally an emphatic particle, in Late Ancient Wiebian it became mandatory in certain contexts.

Truth value

For negation, Ed Dynje/Tonal tricons IE uses a negative verb mei (present).

Conjunctions

Conjunctions

• zug - and
• am - or
• sinder - but
• gödel - because
• einstein - right when
• euler - until

Derivational morphology

Some suffixes are pronounced differently depending on the final consonant of the root.

• be-: intensive/applicative/denominal verb prefix (stolen from German)
  • berast 'make powerful, strengthen' < Rast 'power'
• des-: detransitivizing/valency-decreasing
  • desŧolz 'be wrapped' < ŧolz wrap
• em-/en-: perfective; causative/valency-incrementing
• -er: collective, augmentative, place noun, resultative
  • Pfuger 'throne' < Pfug 'chair'
  • Ruger 'statue' < rug, rieg, Rugs 'carve'
  • Jenger 'ocean, sea' < Jeng 'water'
• ger-: inceptive, dynamic
  • gerŧest: 'initiate' < ŧest 'run' (intransitive)
  • gerschwecht: 'blow at (without affecting); start to blow; try blowing' < schwecht 'blow'
• irr- (< PGam *hiz): negative
  • irrbeul 'not straight, unjust' < beul 'straight, just'
• -lein agent noun, someone associated with [NOUN]
  • Winklein 'mortal' < wink- 'die' + -lein
• -mack: resultative, ability
• -null: prototypical member of a set, Ur-
• -nung, -ung: singulative/diminutive
• -s (~ Thm. infinitve -s): verbal nouns, nominalization
• -zie: abstract noun, -ness/-hood
• wech-: perfective/telic
• -zim: characterized by [noun]

Sample texts

Schüngzie bäßes mei Karfs Schüngzie;
meist Brack bäßen.
Geuls bäßen mei Karfs Geuls;
meist Körde bäßes.
- Martin Luther King ein Steftere

The North Wind and the Sun

Ein Simmhall zug eine Unde

Wahmer besprillung es ein Simmhall zug eine Unde, ja luhs feud klöhen, westers bach ŧäches Zemmes Desŧolzes Schammerlein gerzweiden. Đer gerockung es, hin ein pfalts gar ein Schammerlein quetzen đa Zemme beđecken, Grechs hin luhs feud klöhen brühnen. Ein Simmhall gerschwichten es bach reier Rast, sinter jahr aust schwichten es đa, đahner aust ŧölzen es ein Schammerlein đa Zemme trieg đie, zug berten berts desflästen es ein Simmhall đei đa Gernurts. Immer enhächtes es eine Unde đa ŧächern Fleiđen, zug irrsterŧes quitzen es ein Schammerlein đa Zemme. Mieder fügeln es ein Simmhall Bereugs, hin eine Unde klöhen luhs feud đei đind.

The North Wind and the Sun

The North Wind and the Sun were disputing which was the stronger, when a traveler came along wrapped in a warm cloak. They agreed that the one who first succeeded in making the traveler take his cloak off should be considered stronger than the other. Then the North Wind blew as hard as he could, but the more he blew the more closely did the traveler fold his cloak around him; and at last the North Wind gave up the attempt. Then the Sun shined out warmly, and immediately the traveler took off his cloak. And so the North Wind was obliged to confess that the Sun was the stronger of the two.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 1

Reite Wäher desschrefft [] im [] gund [] im []. Ans []

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Related pages with more information

Verse:

Ed Dynje/Tonal tricons IE

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