Toki Ike
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Historical phonology
s, ł > h
z > 0
l > ɭ
λ > l
ƛ/c ƛ'/c' > c c'
k kw > k, q qw > q
sp > p'
Consonant assimilations similar to Pali
mb nd ng > mm nn ŋŋ
h > ŋ
b d, etc > p' t' etc.
t > T then c > t
Finnishy subfamily
ay > ää
ey > ee
ew, oi > öö
iw, uy > üü
aw > åå
ow > oo
Numbers
kēma, ʈiŋōr, nakkʼē, laupʼē, taɭiŋ, ʈʼāma, rōʈʼē, ɭojʈʼē, pʼakkʼē, qʼeyōr
Phonology
Consonants
Perhaps most strikingly, most Kammalic languages have simple syllables and are devoid of fricatives or aspirates. The following is the consonant inventory of Proto-Kammalic:
| Labial | Dental | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | rn /ɳ/ | ng /ŋ~ɴ/ | |||
| Plosive | plain | p /p~b/ | t /t~d/ | rt /ʈ~ɖ/ | k /k~g/ | q /q~ɢ/ | |
| ejective | pʼ /pʼ/ | tʼ /tʼ/ | rtʼ /ʈʼ/ | kʼ /kʼ/ | qʼ /qʼ/ | ||
| Trill | r /r/ | ||||||
| Approximant | w /w/ | l /l/ | rl /ɭ/ | y /j/ | |||
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| short | long | short | long | short | long | |
| Close | i /i/ | ī /iː/ | u /u/ | ū /uː/ | ||
| Close-mid | e /e~ə/ | ē /eː/ | o /o/ | ō /oː/ | ||
| Open | a /a/ | ā /aː/ | ||||
a e i o u ā ē ī ō ū ay aw ey ew iw oy ow uy ia ua āy āw ēy ēw īw ōy ōw ūy īa ūa
Composition
- Proto-Kammalic: kēma, ʈiŋōr, nakkʼē, laupʼē, taɭiŋ, ʈʼāma, rōʈʼē, ɭojʈʼē, pʼakkʼē, qʼeyōr
- Geminates > ejectives: kēma, ʈiŋōr, nakʼē, laupʼē, taɭiŋ, ʈʼāma, rōʈʼē, ɭojʈʼē, pʼakʼē, qʼeyōr
- Dholuomite: cemæ, tɪŋor, n̪æcè, læwpè, t̪æɹɪŋ, tɑ̀mæ, rotè, ɹɑjtè, pæ̀cè, kæ̀jor
- xaapa-U, ʃikuu-U, nakii, luupii, sati-U, ʃaama-U, ruutii, viitii, faxii, χeyuu-U (U = f > p > m, s > ts > n, sh > t > n, x > k > ŋ, χ > q > ɴ)
- xap-U, ʃku-U, nki, lupi, stə-U, ʃam-U, ruti, viti, fxi, χju-U
- something with creaky voice
- Ubyxe Deluxe:
- Vowel changes: a e i o u > ˁə ə ə ˁʷə ʷə; ā ē ī ō ū > ˁa a i ˁʷa ʷu; ay aw ey ew iw oy ow uy ia ua > ˁi ˁu i u u ˁʷi ˁʷu ʷi a ʷa; āy āw ēy ēw īw ōy ōw ūy īa ūa > ˁi ˁʷu i i u ˁʷi ˁʷu ʷi a ʷa
- m mˁ mʷ mʷˁ n nˁ nʷ nʷˁ ɳ ɳˁ ɳʷ ɳʷˁ ŋ ŋʷ ɴ ɴʷ b bˁ bʷ bʷˁ d dˁ dʷ dʷˁ ɖ ɖˁ ɖʷ ɖʷˁ g gʷ ɢ ɢʷ p pˁ pʷ pʷˁ t tˁ tʷ tʷˁ ʈ ʈˁ ʈʷ ʈʷˁ k kʷ q qʷ qˁ qʷˁ pʼ pˁʼ pʷʼ pʷˁʼ tʼ tˁʼ tʷʼ tʷˁʼ ʈʼ ʈˁʼ ʈʷʼ ʈʷˁʼ kʼ kʷʼ qʼ qʷʼ qˁʼ qʷˁʼ ɓ ɓˁ ɓʷ ɓʷˁ ɗ ɗˁ ɗʷ ɗʷˁ ᶑ ᶑˁ ᶑʷ ᶑʷˁ ɠ ɠʷ ʛ ʛʷ w wˁ j ɥ ɹ ɹʷ r rˁ rʷ rʷˁ l lˁ lʷ lʷˁ ɭ ɭˁ ɭʷ ɭʷˁ a ə i u (jˁ > ɹ, *jʷˁ > ɥˁ > ɹʷ)
- Numbers: kamˁə, ʈəɴʷar, nˁəka, lˁupʼa, təɭəŋ, ʈˁamˁə, rˁʷəʈʼa, ɭˁʷiʈʼa, pˁʼəka, qʼəɹʷar
- Both geminates and ejectives
- ejectives > creaky voice > phar'd vowel
- Bantu gib stage: semá, chíŋoró, nánse, lómpe, tálíŋí, njamá, ronje, lenje, mbánse, ŋgéyoró
- smá, tíongra, náiz, lóibe, táilnge, dmá, raidé, lidé, báiz, géar
- Afrikaans gib: smaa, stiengra, naazj, locht, taalngie, dwaa, razdee, lizdee, baazj, jeera
- smá, tíongra, náiz, lóibe, táilnge, dmá, raidé, lidé, báiz, géar
- Primitive Hmooby-Doo: Primitive Terg pseudo-gib
- Hmooby-Doo: geev /geːv/, dxij /g!ɪj/, nag /nag/, schlawb /ɬaub/, deuj /dəɨj/, txaav /!aːv/, rood /roːd/, lööd /løːd/, pag /pag/, qia /qia/
- Ejectives > geminates
- Czechmate: zamńa, žŋir, ńaca, ľuba, ďaňeŋ, čomńa, ridža, ňedža, pľaca, ćijir
- Talsmic-esque: Pyr Chilse's law followed by f > kw, sz > X > q, s > x > k; x, X > 0, k > q, q > qˁ; p t ʈ k kʷ q qˁ r l m n ɲ ŋ; words ending in : and ::: trigger raddooppiiaaammeennttoo
- Kammalic^2: qemm, rtingorr, naa, laukw, tarling, qamm, roqq, rleqq, kwaa, eyorr (rl = /ɺ/)
- Kammalian: géma, rdingór, nakké, lawapé, darling, rtáma, rórté, rloyorté, pakké, qeyór
- Geminates > ejectives: kēma, ʈiŋōr, nakʼē, laupʼē, taɭiŋ, ʈʼāma, rōʈʼē, ɭojʈʼē, pʼakʼē, qʼeyōr
Grammar
Quasi-polysynthetic with big clitic complexes or verbs