Middle Semitic sounds consist of 22 consonants and 5 vowels.
Consonants
The basic shape of MS is the shared liquids (m, n, l, r, w, y), the begadkefat spirants (b/v, g/ɣ, d/ð, k/x, p/f, t/θ), other fricatives (h, ʕ, ħ, z, s, š), and the "emphatics" (ṣ, ṭ, q, ʔ). Notice that Semitic studies has a long history of romanization which does not precisely map onto IPA.
Labial
Dental
Alveolar
(Alv)Pal.
Velar
Pharyngeal
Glottal
Nasal
/m/
/n/
Voiced
/b~v/
/d~ð/
/z/
/g~ɣ/
/ʕ~ʁ/
Unvoiced
/p~f/
/t~θ/
/s/
š=/ʃ/
/k~x/
ḥ=/χ~ħ/
/h/
Emphatic
ṭ=/t’~tˤ/
ṣ=/ts~s’/
/q~k’/
/ʔ/
Approx.
/l/
/r~ɾ/
/y/
/w/
The vowels are the basic five common throughout most of the world, without diphthongs.
Front
Center
Back
High
i
u
Middle
e
o
Low
a
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