Armonisian

Armonisian Language Development

Phonological Transformation Rules

PIE → Proto-Armonisian

Laryngeals

• h₂ → /ɣ/, often with a glottal stop in clusters: /ɣʔ/
• h₁ disappears or becomes /ə/ in initial position.

Syllabic Sonorants

• r̥, l̥, m̥, n̥ → /ər, əl, əm, ən/ or voiced versions: /r̥, l̥, m̥, n̥/

Voiced Aspirates

• bʰ, dʰ, gʰ → /ḅ, ḍ, ɣ/

Consonant Clusters

• PIE tw → /k̬/ or /pɣ/ depending on environment
• sw → /cḫ/ or /ch/

Vowels

• Long vowels preserved: é → ǣ
• o often becomes /ə/ or /u/

Proto-Armonisian → Standard Armonisian

• Glottal stops dropped: /ʔ/ → ∅
• Long vowels shortened or neutralized: ǣ → ā
• Consonant simplification in clusters: tri → tr̥
• Nasalization emerges: nivn → niũ̯
• Vowel centralization and reduction

Morphology & Grammar Snapshot

Nouns

• Number: Singular / Plural
• Gender: Feminine / Masculine / Neuter
• Case System:
  • Nominative (unmarked)
  • Accusative (suffix -ma)
  • Genitive (suffix -m / nasalization)
  • Locative / Instrumental (suffix -j)
• Nouns and adjectives share endings, adjectives use infix -ch-

Noun Declensions

Feminine

• Ɣtāra (nom.)
• Ɣtārama (acc.)
• Ɣtāram (gen.)
• Ɣtāraj (loc./instr.)

Neuter

• Ɣr̥no (nom./acc.)
• Ɣr̥nõma (gen.)
• Ɣr̥noj (loc./instr.)

Masculine

• Sĩn (nom.)
• Sĩnma (acc.)
• Sĩnum (gen.)
• Sĩnuj (loc./instr.)

Adjective Declensions

Feminine

• dlgocha (nom.)
• dlgochama (acc.)
• dlgocham (gen.)
• dlgochaj (loc./instr.)

Neuter

• dlgocho (nom./acc.)
• dlgochoma (acc.)
• dlgochõ (gen.)
• dlgochoj (loc./instr.)

Masculine

• dlgoch (nom.)
• dlgochma (acc.)
• dlgochum (gen.)
• dlgochuj (loc./instr.)

Possessive Pronouns

• Non-declinable; used before nouns.

Personal Pronouns

Person	Singular	Plural
1st	mə	nẽ
2nd	chẽ	chuo
3rd	əɥo	əɥon

Verb Conjugation (Indicative - Present Tense)

Verb root: dɣt- "to have"

Person	Conjugation
1st sg	dɣtā
2nd sg	dɣtã
3rd sg	dɣto
1st pl	dɣtanẽ
2nd pl	dɣtuch
3rd pl	dɣton

Notes:

• Thematic vowel varies slightly by tense and voice.
• Nasalization indicates middle/reflexive in some dialects.

Verb Paradigms: ku̯ɣeti "to brew"

Present Tense

• 1st sg: ku̯ɣoɣ
• 2nd sg: ku̯ɣechi
• 3rd sg: ku̯ɣi
• 2nd du: ku̯ɣu̯och
• 3rd du: ku̯ɣtech
• 1st pl: ku̯ɣemoch
• 2nd pl: ku̯ɣete
• 3rd pl: ku̯ɣe
• Present adv. participle: ku̯ɣõt
• Present adj. participle: ku̯ɣõt(a/o/u)

Secondary/Past/Tenseless

• 1st sg: ku̯ɣõm
• 2nd sg: ku̯ɣoch
• 3rd sg: ku̯ɣit
• 2nd du: ku̯ɣu̯tõ
• 3rd du: ku̯ɣtam
• 1st pl: ku̯ɣem
• 2nd pl: ku̯ɣet
• 3rd pl: ku̯ɣẽnt
• Adv. participle: ku̯ɣõtẽ
• Adj. participle: ku̯ɣõt(ã/õ/ũ)

Imperative

• 1st sg: ku̯ɣ
• 2nd sg: ku̯ɣḍi
• 3rd sg: ku̯ɣu
• 2nd du: ku̯ɣu̯tõmach
• 3rd du: ku̯ɣtamach
• 1st pl: ku̯ɣ
• 2nd pl: ku̯ɣete
• 3rd pl: ku̯ɣẽntu
• Adv. participle: ku̯ɣõtẽm
• Adj. participle: ku̯ɣõt(ã/õ/ũ)mi

PIE Lexicon Expansion

PIE Root	Proto-Armonisian	Standard Armonisian
h₃ébōl (apple)	əboɣol	məɣol
gʷṓus (cow)	ɣ̄uva	ɣ̄u
h₂éḱus (horse)	aɣʔsu	aɣsu
deywós (god)	deivoch	d̮əyoch
h₂stḗr (star)	əster	məstar
h₂nḗr (man)	ənǣr	mənār

Sample Text (Standard Armonisian)

Armonisian: mə chichur dɣtār d̮oj niũ̯ diśm̥t.

Gloss: I sister daughter two have ten

Translation: I have two daughters and one sister.

Dialectal Variation

• Northern Dialect: Preserves more consonant clusters; less vowel reduction; retains some glottal stops in careful speech.

Example: Standard məɣol → Northern məɣʔol

• Eastern Dialect: Fronts and raises vowels: ə → i, a → e; assimilation of clusters.

Example: dɣtār → diktār

• Southern Dialect: Stronger nasalization; loss of final -j in loc/instr.

Example: dlgochoj → dlgochõ

• Western Dialect: Retains archaic inflections and case particles; more analytic constructions.

Example: Sĩnuj → Sĩn che ju

• Highland Dialect (Tonogenetic):
  • Development of lexical tone from former glottal and laryngeal distinctions
  • Tone marked with diacritics:
    • High tone: acute ( ´ ) → á
    • Low tone: grave ( ̀ ) → à
    • Rising tone: caron ( ̌ ) → ǎ
    • Falling tone: circumflex ( ̂ ) → â
  • Example transformations:
    • ku̯ɣeti → kú̯ɣeti (infinitive)
    • ku̯ɣoɣ → ku̯ɣò (1sg)
    • dlgocha → dlgócha (nom. fem.)

Dictionary

Proto-Indo-European	Proto-Armonisian:	Standard Armonisian:
*éǵh₂	iɣ̄ʔ	iɣ	I
*méh₂tēr	m̥iɣʔtǣr	miɣtāra	mother
*ph₂tḗr	paɣʔtǣr	pɣtār	father
*bʰréh₂tēr	ḅriɣʔtǣr	ḅriɣtār	brother
*swésōr	cḫichūr	chichura	sister
*somo-ph₂tōr	chm̥opaɣʔtǣr	chmopɣtār	sibling
*dʰugh₂tḗr	ḍuɣʔtǣr	dɣtāra	daughter
*h₁me	əme	mə	me
*sem-	chem	chẽn	one/alone
*(h₁)óynos, (h₁)óywos	uɥvoch	ɥo	one
*dwóy(H₁),	dvojə	d̮oj	two
*tisres	tir̥e	tṝ	three
*kʷetwóres	c̆ek̬ore	c̆eḳor	four
*pénkʷe	pinghe	pig̑	five
*swéḱs	cḫiś	chiṣ	six
*septḿ̥	cheptm̥	chptṃ	seven
*h₁oḱtṓ(w)	uśov	ṣou̯	eight
*(h₁)néwn̥	nivn	niũ̯	nine
*déḱm̥t	diśm̥t	ṫiśm̥t	ten
*(d)ḱm̥tóm	dśm̻tom	ṫṣṃtõ	one-hundred
*krep-	crep-	crp-	body
*káput ~ *kapwéts	capvit	kapu̯it	head
*dáḱru, *h₂éḱru	ɣʔiśru	ɣiṣru	tear
*dn̥ǵʰuh₂-, *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂	dnɣʔveɣʔ	dnɥɣ	tongue
*h₁ésh₂r̥, *h₁esh₂nés	eɣ̄ʔni	ɣno	blood
*ǵ(o)nH₂dʰos	ɣʔonḍo	ɣonḍo	jaw, cheek
*ǵónu, ǵnéws	ɣʔniv	ɣniu̯	knee
*ǵómbʰos	ɣʔomḅo	ɣomḅo	row of teeth
*h₃dónts	dont	dont	tooth
*h₂óst-	ɣʔocht	ɣocht	bone
*H₂ous-	ɣʔēach	ɣē	ear
*h₃ókʷs	oh	o	eye
*h₁óh₃(e)s	u	ũm	mouth
*ḱerd-	śerd	ṣrda	heart
*ḱerd-dʰh₁eti	śerḍti	ṣrḍeti	to believe
*h₃nóbʰōl	noḅul	noḅul	naval
*h₂ner-	ɣʔnər	ɣnr	man
*gʷḗn	žǣn	žāna	woman
*h₃ébōl	ibūl	ibula	apple
*gʷṓus	žov	žou̯	cow
*h₂éḱus	ɣʔiśu	ɣiśũm	horse
*deywós	deɥo	dɥo	god
*h₂stḗr	ɣ̄ʔtǣr	ɣtāra	star
*yḗkʷr̥, yekʷnés	jǣhr	jār̥	liver
*ǵʰésr̥ ~ *ǵʰsrés	ɣʔichr̥	ɣichra	hand
*mh₂ntéh₂	mɣʔentiɣʔ	mɣntiɣ	hand
*bʰeh₂ǵʰús	ḅəɣ̄ʔū	ḅɣũm	arm
*péth₂r̥	pitɣʔr̥	pitɣṝ	feather
*h₂éwis	ɣʔivich	ɣiu̯e	bird
*h₂ówis	ɣʔovi	ɣou̯e	sheep
*h₂ŕ̥tḱos	ɣʔr̥ćo	ɣr̥ćo	bear
*ḱwon	śvon	ṣu̯õm	dog
*múh₂s	muɣ̄ʔ	muɣ	mouse
*uksḗn	ukśǣn	uẋā̃n	ox
*táwros	tavro	tau̯ro	bull
*suHs	chuɣ̄ʔ	chuɣ	pig
*wl̥kʷos	vlho	u̯lo	wolf
*wl(o)p-	vlp	u̯lp	fox
*ǵʰh₂éns	ɣ̄ʔin	ɣin	goose
*h₂énh₂t(i)s	ɣʔinɣʔti	ɣinɣit	duck
*h₁élh₁ēn	ilǣn	ilā̃n	deer
*h₁eǵʰis	eɣ̄ʔi	ɣo	hedgehog
*bʰébʰrus	ḅiḅru	ḅiḅru	beaver
*h₃érō	iro	iro	eagle
*h₂éngʷʰis	ɣʔinži	ɣinžo	snake
*h₂eyǵ	ɣʔejɣʔ	ɣiɣ	goat
*h₂ōwyóm	ɣʔoɥom	ɣoɥõm	egg
*h₂egʷnós	ɣʔеžno	ɣžno	lamb
*laḱ-	laś	laṣ	salmon
*ǵr̥h₂-nó-	ɣʔr̥no	ɣṝno	grain
*gʰreh₁-	greɣʔti	greɣeti	to grow
*h₂éǵros	ɣʔiɣʔro	ɣiɣro	field
*h₂erh₃-	ɣʔerti	ɣereti	to plow
*h₂melǵ-	ɣʔmelɣʔti	ɣmelɣeti	to milk
*melh₂	melɣʔti	melɣeti	to milk
*kwh₂et-	kvɣʔeti	ku̯ɣeti	to ferment
*yew-	jevti	jeu̯eti	to blend
*bʰrewh₁-	ḅrevti	ḅreu̯eti	to brew
*gʷréh₂wō	žriɣʔvu	žriɣũm	grindstone
*médʰu	miḍu	miḍũm	honey
*tuh₂rós	tuɣʔro	tuɣro	Cheese, butter
*séh₂ls	siɣʔl	siɣl	salt
*seh₁-	seti	seti	to sew
*yugóm	jugom	jugõm	yoke
*séh₁mn̥	simn	sĩn	seed
*yéwos	jivo	jiu̯o	Cereal grain
*mḗms	mim	mĩja	meat
*h₂enh₁-	ɣʔenti	ɣeneti	to breathe
*swep-	cḫepti	chepeti	To sleep
*der-, *drem-	derti, dremti	dereti, dremti	To put someone to sleep
*bʰewdʰ-	ḅevḍ	ḅeṫ
*dl̥h₁gʰós	dlgoch	dlgoch	long
*bʰed-	ḅedti	ḅedeti	to better
*bʰedʰ-	ḅeḍti	ḅeḍeti	to affix
*bʰeg-	ḅeg	ḅeg	body of water likely to overflow
*bʰegʷ-	ḅežti	ḅežeti	to run
*bʰeh₁-	ḅti	ḅeti	to bathe