Verse:Hmøøh/Rencad
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Tigal is a West Talmic language.
1: cēm > ciamh 2: tithōr > tüthar 3: nazge > nég-L 4: dhaufe > dő-L 5: salir > selar 6: stām > stámh 7: rōde > rüadh-L 8: lorethe > lörath-L 9: farve > erbh-L 10: ħiōr > iar
Phonology
Tigal phonology is partially based on German and Irish.
Consonants
Tigal has around 20 consonants, like most West Talmic languages.
| Labial | Dental | Lateral | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | /m/ | /n/ | /ŋ/ | ||||
| Stop/Affricate | tenuis | /p/ | /t/ | /k/ | |||
| aspirated | /pʰ/ | /tʰ/ | /kʰ/ | ||||
| Fricative | voiceless | /f/ | /s/ | /ɬ/ | /x/ | /h/ | |
| voiced | /v/ | /z/ | /ɮ/ | /ɣ/ | /ʁ~ʀ/ | ||
| Approximant | /w/ | /l/ | /ʟ/ | ||||
Notes:
- The aspiration distinction is neutralized word-finally.
- /ʟ/ is phonetically a uvularized velar approximant [ɰʶ] which may be pronounced with compressed lips [ɰᵝʶ], like the Philadelphia English vocalized L. This article uses /ʟ/ for simplicity.
- /ʀ/ is a trill [ʀ] in careful speech and a fricative [ʁ] in casual speech.
| Grapheme | m | p | b | f | n | t | d | s | z | l | ŋ | c | g | r |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | /m/ | /pʰ/ | /p/ | /f/ | /n/ | /tʰ/ | /t/ | /s/ | /z/ | /l/ | /ŋ/ | /kʰ/ | /k/ | /ʀ/ |
| Lenited | mh | ph | bh | fh | - | th | dh | sh | zh | - | - | ch | gh | - |
| IPA | /w/ | /f/ | /v/ | silent | - | /ɬ/ | /ɮ/ | /h/ | silent | - | - | /x/ | /ɣ/ | - |
| Eclipsed | - | bp | mb | bhf | - | dt | nd | zs | - | nl | - | gc | ng | - |
| IPA | - | /p/ | /m/ | /v/ | - | /t/ | /n/ | /z/ | - | /ʟ/ | - | /k/ | /ŋ/ | - |
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | rounded | |||||||
| short | long | short | long | short | long | short | long | |
| Close | i /ɪ/ | í /iː/ | ü /ʏ/ | ű /yː/ | u /ʊ/ | ú /uː/ | ||
| Mid | e /ɛ/ | é /eː/ | ö /œ/ | ő /øː/ | a /ə/ | o /ɔ/ | ó /oː/ | |
| Open | a /a/ | á /aː/ | ||||||
Diphthongs: ia üa ua /iə yə uə/
gh after a vowel is silent and works like Turkish ğ: before a consonant it lengthens the previous vowel and before a vowel it simply becomes silent.
Morphology
Nouns
Masculine vowel declension
Use ~ AW neuter determiner endings?
| clúda - 'time' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Number→ State↓ |
Singular | Plural |
| Indefinite | clúda-L | clúdann |
| Definite | a clúda | clúdar |
| Construct | clúdamh-L | clúdar-L |
Masculine consonantal declension
The mutation after the noun surfaces on adjectives and genitive nouns.
| suar - 'house' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Number→ State↓ |
Singular | Plural |
| Indefinite | suar-N | suara-H |
| Definite | a shuar-L | suaran |
| Construct | suar-L | suarar-L |
Feminine vowel declension
Feminine consonant declension
| iamh - 'mother' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Number→ State↓ |
Singular | Plural |
| Indefinite | iamh | iamhar |
| Definite | a n-iamh-N | a h-iamh-H |
| Construct | üamh-L | üamhann-L |