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Jugsnorsk

Revision as of 15:43, 25 March 2026 by Melinoë (talk | contribs) (→Phonology)


Jugsnorsk (/jugz.norsk/; endonym: Ygranorska, [ˈyɡ.rɐ.ˌnor̥.kʰɐ]) is a dialect of Húsnorsk, or possibly a distinct but closely related language.

Jugsnorsk
Ygranorska
Pronunciation[ˈyɡ.rɐ.ˌnor̥.kʰɐ]
Created byMelinoë
DateFebruary 23rd, 2026
Native toAltai mountain region
EthnicityJugsnorsk
Native speakers(L1) 400,000 (2020)
(L2) 20,000
Early forms
Standard form
Varhúsnorsk
Official status
Recognised minority
language in
Regulated byThe Húsnorsk Academy
Language codes
ISO 639-3jugs
Jugsnorsk is classified as vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

History

Early Jugsnorsk (1770AD~1850AD)

In the early 1770's, a large exodus of Húsnorsk from Novgorod began, likely spurred on by the Russian plague, these fleeing families would move east, into Siberia (So-called "Jugra" by the Húsnorsk, from Russian Yugra). These Húsnorsk were once called "Plýggnorska" ("Fleeing Norse"), though this is a pejorative, and they are now called "Jugsnorsk" ("Yugra's Norse").

Starting around 1790, Jugsnorsk developed its defining laudative and pejorative forms through -isti and -ki respectively. These suffixes, originally augmentative and diminutive, were used so often as laudative and pejorative that they reduced down to -(i)s- and -g(i)-/-k(i)- and became new noun forms as they lost their original patterns and took on the patterns of the noun they were attached to. The original suffixes, -isti and -ki, are still used with their original meanings and patterns, as with ravkki for example, from ravnj and -ki.

Modern Jugsnorsk (1850AD~Today)

Phonology

Labial Dental Alveolar Velar
Nasal m n
Stop Unvoiced p t k
Voiced b d g
Aspirated pʰ tʰ kʰ
Fricative Unvoiced f θ s x
Voiced ð
Approximant ʋ r², l j
  1. /b, d, g/ become /p, t, k/ next to voiceless stops and /s/, but not /f/, which becomes /ʋ/ next to these consonants.
  2. Realized as /t, p/ before /n, m/ (as in "ormj" /opmʲ/). Additionally, /rs/ may be realized as [tʰ] (or [r̥]).
  3. All geminates are realized as short in coda position (Thus "Plýgg" is /ˈplʏy̯ɡ/)


Stressed vowels
Front Back
Unround Round
Short Diph. Long Short Diph. Long Short Diph. Long
High i ɪi̯ iː y ʏy̯ yː u ʊu̯ uː
Mid e e̞i̯ eː ø ø̞y̯ øː o o̞u̯ oː
Low a ɐu̯ aː
Unstressed vowels
Front Back
Unround Round
Short Diph. Long Short Diph. Long Short Diph. Long
High ɪ i iː ʏ y yː ʊ u uː
Mid ɛ e eː œ ø øː ɔ o oː
Low ɐ a aː

Within the "long" class is also overlongs that are exceedingly rare, occurring from Old Norse /VːN/, to Varhúsnorsk /Ṽː/, then modern /Vːː/.

/ɛ, ɔ/ also exist in stressed syllables as standalone sounds, but are rather rare, occuring from initial jV/wV assimilation (see "vatn"/"ǫtn" and "ęvn").

The following is a table of the modern diphthongs, notice how some speakers merge "ej, ou" with "é, ó", also note how "eu, oj" can be realized as [ɤ]. Lastly, note how "ij, uv" don't exist, while they did exist at one point, they've since merged with the longs. You will occasionally still see "uv" as a result of "havt" contraction, this is always pronounced as ū.

-j -v
i- — ju
í/ī- — jːu, i.ju
u- wi —
ú/ū- wːi, u.wi —
e- ei̯, e̞i̯ eu̯, ɤ(u̯)
é/ē- eːi̯, e̞ːi̯ eːu̯, ɤː(u̯)
o- oi̯, ɤ(i̯) ou̯, o̞u̯
ó/ō- oːi̯, ɤː(i̯) oːu̯, o̞ːu̯
a- äi̯ ɑu̯, ɒu̯
á/ā- äːi̯ ɑːu̯, ɒːu̯

Orthography

Acutes stand for diphthongs (old longs) and macrons stand for long vowels (new longs), there also exists vowels with graves standing for overlongs.

Many Old Norse conventions are still used in handwriting, especially by the highly literate, such as:

"v" as vend ("ꝩ") and a y with a tittle (looking like vend + dot, "ꝩ̇")
Long s is still used
Dotless i ("i" is also often used in place of "j")
Extensive use of ligatures
Shorthand (such as "⁊" and "ᛘ")
Use of a "zig-zag" for "er" and "ir" (such as "ꝩ͛a" for "vera"). Sometimes you may see it alone standing for "er", here it's larger, looking like the rune "ᛋ"
Noun endings are reduced significantly, the "-ʀ" (modern "-j") endings are often all reduced to a simple "j", often with a strike through it, like "ɟ".
Use of R rotunda ("ꝛ"), this often attaches to the preceding letter when it is a large curve (like in "oꝛ")

Runic script

 
Húsnorsk's defining script, "runic miniscule"

As both the Latin alphabet and the Runic alphabet are fully phonemic, there's a one-to-one correspondence between the two. This also means the Latin letters absent from Jugsnorsk should also have their rune equivalent discarded.

The "ʀ" rune acts for /j/

Jugsnorsk's overlongs should be written as macron + acute (like in Latin, eg. "ḗ"). Diacritic usage should closely follow Latin in Jugsnorsk, except with long consonants, which use an overring (eg. "b̊" for "bb")

This so-called "runic miniscule" is extremely unintuitive for most readers of any language, being written right to left, but also bottom to top (so written up the page, not down)

Morphology

Umlaut

Umlaut is a kind of nonconcatenative morphology defined by alternations in the stressed vowel.

All noun patterns exhibit umlaut, but some vowels are unaffected by certain kinds. Some of these have been "corrected" through regularization in Húsnorsk, though a lot of these are a result of false correlation, not actual correction. As with Old Norse "ríkjum" (dative plural of "ríki") becoming "rýkjum" through the dative plural getting analogized to have u-umlaut in all nominal patterns.

The general rules for Nordic umlaut are decently simple, going as follows:

U-umlaut rounds unround vowels (/i, e, ɛ, a/ > /y, ø, ø, ɔ/) and raises round vowels (/o/ > /u/).
I-umlaut raises unround vowels (/e, ɛ, a/ > /i, e, ɛ/) and fronts round vowels (/u, o/ > /y, ø/)
A-umlaut lowers high vowels (/i, u/ > /e, o/)

Some words exhibit both u-umlaut and i-umlaut, as with Proto-Germanic *garwijaną > Old Norse gøra.

Nouns

Húsnorsk, as with most other Germanic languages, has a distinction between strong and weak stem types. These types are divided into classes based on gender and ending, the ending is typically determined by the form in Proto-Germanic, which occasionally leads to potentially confusing stem names, such as "strong ō-stem" nouns, which now have a null ending, where Proto-Germanic had *-ō. The historic Proto-Germanic ending is what determines the modern umlaut patterns, due to this the stem name can help you figure out the type of umlaut the noun has, though, sometimes confusingly, a noun may exhibit a different kind of umlaut in some forms (see the strong u-stems).

Húsnorsk occasionally extends umlaut across patterns in a form of regularization or analogy, this can lead to irregular evolution but morphology that's easier to remember (note how umlaut was extended to almost all vowels)

Like many Nordic languages, Húsnorsk underwent the masculine/feminine merger that creates the modern common/neuter systems in the continental Nordic languages.

Strong nouns

Common patterns
Inflection of avli (common a-stem)
neutral singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative avli avljī avlæ avlæní
accusative avl avlī avla avlana
vocative j'avl j'avlī j'avla j'avlana
dative avli avlinū avlū avlunū
genitive avlis avlinūs avlūs avlunūs
laudative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative avlsi avlsjī avlsæ avlsæní
accusative avls avlsī avlsa avlsana
vocative j'avls j'avlsī j'avlsa j'avlsana
dative avlsi avlsinū avlsū avlsunū
genitive avlsis avlsinūs avlsūs avlsunūs
pejorative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative avlgi avlgjī avlgæ avlgæní
accusative avlg avlgī avlga avlgana
vocative j'avlg j'avlgī j'avlga j'avlgana
dative avlgi avlginū avlgū avlgunū
genitive avlgis avlginūs avlgūs avlgunūs


Inflection of alj (common i-stem)
neutral singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative alj aljī alí alíní
accusative al alī ali alina
vocative j'al j'alī j'ali j'alina
dative ali alinū alū alunū
genitive alis alinūs alūs alunūs
laudative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative alsj alsjī alsí alsíní
accusative als alsī alsi alsina
vocative j'als j'alsī j'alsi j'alsina
dative alsi alsinū alsū alsunū
genitive alsis alsinūs alsūs alsunūs
pejorative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative algj algjī algí algíní
accusative alg algī algi algina
vocative j'alg j'algī j'algi j'algina
dative algi alginū algū algunū
genitive algis alginūs algūs algunūs

As can be seen with this table, nouns can be irregular, especially when it consists of a vowel followed by l, as historic l-vocalization caused additional vowel alternations on top of umlaut.

Inflection of ósj (common u-stem)
neutral singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative ósj ósjī ésí ésíní
accusative ós ósī ósi ósina
vocative j'ós j'ósī j'ósi j'ósina
dative ósi ósinū ósū ósunū
genitive ósis ósinūs ósūs ósunūs
laudative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative óssj óssjī éssí éssíní
accusative óss óssī óssi óssina
vocative j'óss j'óssī j'óssi j'óssina
dative óssi óssinū óssū óssunū
genitive óssis óssinūs óssūs óssunūs
pejorative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative ósgj ósgjī ésgí ésgíní
accusative ósg ósgī ósgi ósgina
vocative j'ósg j'ósgī j'ósgi j'ósgina
dative ósgi ósginū ósgū ósgunū
genitive ósgis ósginūs ósgūs ósgunūs


Inflection of najlj (common consonant-stem)
neutral singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative najlj najljī nejl nejliní
accusative najl najlī nejl nejlina
vocative j'najl j'najlī j'nejl j'nejlina
dative najli najlinū najlū najlunū
genitive najlis najlinūs najlūs najlunūs
laudative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative najlsj najlsjī nejls nejlsiní
accusative najls najlsī nejls nejlsina
vocative j'najls j'najlsī j'nejls j'nejlsina
dative najlsi najlsinū najlsū najlsunū
genitive najlsis najlsinūs najlsūs najlsunūs
pejorative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative najlgj najlgjī nejlg nejlginí
accusative najlg najlgī nejlg nejlgina
vocative j'najlg j'najlgī j'nejlg j'nejlgina
dative najlgi najlginū najlgū najlgunū
genitive najlgis najlginūs najlgūs najlgunūs
Feminine patterns

The feminines have long since merged with the masculines to form the commons, this section will cover how each feminine pattern merged into the masculines. some of the feminine patterns have remained distinct in form, but still became common in treatment.

feminine ō-stem:

Inflection of nasi (common a-stem)
neutral singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative nasi nasjī nasæ nasæní
accusative nas nasī nasa nasana
vocative j'nas j'nasī j'nasa j'nasana
dative nasi nasinū nasū nasunū
genitive nasis nasinūs nasūs nasunūs
laudative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative nassi nassjī nassæ nassæní
accusative nass nassī nassa nassana
vocative j'nass j'nassī j'nassa j'nassana
dative nassi nassinū nassū nassunū
genitive nassis nassinūs nassūs nassunūs
pejorative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative naski naskjī naskæ naskæní
accusative nask naskī naska naskana
vocative j'nask j'naskī j'naska j'naskana
dative naski naskinū naskū naskunū
genitive naskis naskinūs naskūs naskunūs

feminine ōn-stem

Inflection of akka (common ōn-stem)
neutral singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative akka akkā akký akkýní
accusative akku akkū akký akkýna
vocative j'akku j'akkū j'akký j'akkýna
dative akki akkinū akkū akkunū
genitive akkis akkinūs akkūs akkunūs
laudative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative akksa akksā akksý akksýní
accusative akksu akksū akksý akksýna
vocative j'akksu j'akksū j'akksý j'akksýna
dative akksi akksinū akksū akksunū
genitive akksis akksinūs akksūs akksunūs
pejorative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative akkga akkgā akkgý akkgýní
accusative akkgu akkgū akkgý akkgýna
vocative j'akkgu j'akkgū j'akkgý j'akkgýna
dative akkgi akkginū akkgū akkgunū
genitive akkgis akkginūs akkgūs akkgunūs
Neuter patterns
Inflection of mó (neuter a-stem)
neutral singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative mó málit mó málī
accusative mó málit mó málī
vocative j'mó j'málit j'mó j'málī
dative máli málinū málū málunū
genitive mális málinūs málūs málunūs
laudative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative mós mósit mós mósī
accusative mós mósit mós mósī
vocative j'mós j'mósit j'mós j'mósī
dative mósi mósinū mósū mósunū
genitive mósis mósinūs mósūs mósunūs
pejorative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative móg mógit móg mógī
accusative móg mógit móg mógī
vocative j'móg j'mógit j'móg j'mógī
dative mógi móginū mógū mógunū
genitive mógis móginūs mógūs mógunūs
Inflection of ísladd (neuter a-stem)
neutral singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative ísladd ísladdit ísladd ísladdī
accusative ísladd ísladdit ísladd ísladdī
vocative j'ísladd j'ísladdit j'ísladd j'ísladdī
dative ísladdi ísladdinū ísladdū ísladdunū
genitive ísladdis ísladdinūs ísladdūs ísladdunūs
laudative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative ísladds ísladdsit ísladds ísladdsī
accusative ísladds ísladdsit ísladds ísladdsī
vocative j'ísladds j'ísladdsit j'ísladds j'ísladdsī
dative ísladdsi ísladdsinū ísladdsū ísladdsunū
genitive ísladdsis ísladdsinūs ísladdsūs ísladdsunūs
pejorative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative ísladdg ísladdgit ísladdg ísladdgī
accusative ísladdg ísladdgit ísladdg ísladdgī
vocative j'ísladdg j'ísladdgit j'ísladdg j'ísladdgī
dative ísladdgi ísladdginū ísladdgū ísladdgunū
genitive ísladdgis ísladdginūs ísladdgūs ísladdgunūs

forms where -g isn't followed by a vowel are occasionally seen as -gi

Adjectives

Positive inflection of sý
indefinite singular plural
common neuter common neuter
nominative sý sǿt sélí sǿ
accusative sélā sǿt séla sǿ
dative séli séli sélū sélū
genitive sélis sélis sélūs sélūs
definite singular plural
common neuter common neuter
nominative sǿjī sǿtit sélíní sélī
accusative sélī sǿtit sélana sélī
dative sélinū sélinū sélunū sélunū
genitive sélinūs sélinūs sélunūs sélunūs
Comparative inflection of sý
indefinite singular plural
common neuter common neuter
nominative sélé sélat sélarí séla
accusative sélarā sélat sélara séla
dative sélari sélari sélū sélū
genitive sélaris sélaris sélūs sélūs
definite singular plural
common neuter common neuter
nominative sélajī sélatit sélaríní sélarī
accusative sélarī sélatit sélarana sélarī
dative sélarinū sélarinū sélarunū sélarunū
genitive sélarinūs sélarinūs sélarunūs sélarunūs
Superlative inflection of sý
indefinite singular plural
common neuter common neuter
nominative sélastj sélast sélastí sélast
accusative sélastā sélast sélasta sélast
dative sélasti sélasti sélustū sélustū
genitive sélastis sélastis sélustūs sélustūs
definite singular plural
common neuter common neuter
nominative sélastjī sélastit sélastíní sélastī
accusative sélastī sélastit sélastana sélastī
dative sélastinū sélastinū sélustunū sélustunū
genitive sélastinūs sélastinūs sélustunūs sélustunūs

Pronouns

Jugsnorsk personal pronouns
singular 1st 2nd reflexive 3rd
common neuter
nominative ak, a(h)¹, k', a' þú, þ', u' — hán þat, þan²
accusative mik, mi(h)¹ þik, þi(h)¹ sik, si(h)¹
dative mí þí sí háni þati, þani¹, þwí³
genitive mínj þínj sínj hánj þatj, þanj¹
plural 1st 2nd reflexive 3rd
common neuter
nominative ví, ý í — þí þò
accusative os i, í sik, si(h)¹ þé, þí
dative osj í sí þè
genitive ork ivé sinj þéja

1: colloquial
2: analogized with hán
3: archaic

Verbs

Since Old Norse, Húsnorsk has begun using -at far more often, generalizing it into the negative affix for all verbs, as such, all verbs here will show two tables, one positive, one negative.

Strong verbs

Strong verbs are characterized by ablaut in the past tense forms, rather than the dental suffix of the weak verbs.

Strong verbs have been falling out of use since the 17th century, and most verbs that once were strong are now weak, especially in Jugsnorsk, which is far more inclined to grammatical change than Nygadsnorsk.

Class 1
Conjugation of grípa — positive (strong class 1)
present past future
infinitive grípa gripa gript'sa
participle grípaddi gripðj gript'saddi
supine — gript —
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular grípý grípí gríp gripý gripí grip gript'sý gript'sí gript's
plural grípuð grípið grípað gripuð gripið gripað gript'suð gript'sið gript'sað
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular grípýsk grípísk grípsk gripýsk gripísk gripsk gript'sýsk gript'sísk gript'ssk
plural gríputsk grípitsk grípatsk griputsk gripitsk gripatsk gript'sutsk gript'sitsk gript'satsk

1: past imperative is rare

Conjugation of grípa — negative (strong class 1)
present past future
infinitive grípat gripat gript'sat
participle grípaddit gripðjat gript'saddit
supine — griptat —
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular grípýt grípít grípat gripýt gripít gripat gript'sýt gript'sít gript'sat
plural grípuðt grípiðt grípaðat gripuðt gripiðt gripaðat gript'suðt gript'siðt gript'saðat
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular grípýska grípíska grípska gripýska gripíska gripska gript'sýska gript'síska gript'sska
plural gríputska grípitska grípatska griputska gripitska gripatska gript'sutska gript'sitska gript'satska

1: past imperative is rare

Class 2
Conjugation of lýga — positive (strong class 2)
present past future
infinitive lýga luga lugt'sa
participle lýgaddi lugðj lugt'saddi
supine — lugt —
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular lýgý lýgí lýg lugý lugí lug lugt'sý lugt'sí lugt's
plural lýguð lýgið lýgað luguð lugið lugað lugt'suð lugt'sið lugt'sað
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular lýgýsk lýgísk lýgsk lugýsk lugísk lugsk lugt'sýsk lugt'sísk lugt'ssk
plural lýgutsk lýgitsk lýgatsk lugutsk lugitsk lugatsk lugt'sutsk lugt'sitsk lugt'satsk

1: past imperative is rare

Conjugation of lýga — negative (strong class 2)
present past future
infinitive lýgat lugat lugt'sat
participle lýgaddit lugðjat lugt'saddit
supine — lugtat —
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular lýgýt lýgít lýgat lugýt lugít lugat lugt'sýt lugt'sít lugt'sat
plural lýguðt lýgiðt lýgaðat luguðt lugiðt lugaðat lugt'suðt lugt'siðt lugt'saðat
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular lýgýska lýgíska lýgska lugýska lugíska lugska lugt'sýska lugt'síska lugt'sska
plural lýgutska lýgitska lýgatska lugutska lugitska lugatska lugt'sutska lugt'sitska lugt'satska

1: past imperative is rare

Class 3
Conjugation of sykka — positive (strong class 3)
present past future
infinitive sykka sukka sukkt'sa
participle sykkaddi sukkðj sukkt'saddi
supine — sukkt —
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular sykký sykkí sykk sukký sukkí sukk sukkt'sý sukkt'sí sukkt's
plural sykkuð sykkið sykkað sukkuð sukkið sukkað sukkt'suð sukkt'sið sukkt'sað
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular sykkýsk sykkísk sykksk sukkýsk sukkísk sukksk sukkt'sýsk sukkt'sísk sukkt'ssk
plural sykkutsk sykkitsk sykkatsk sukkutsk sukkitsk sukkatsk sukkt'sutsk sukkt'sitsk sukkt'satsk

1: past imperative is rare

Conjugation of sykka — negative (strong class 3)
present past future
infinitive sykkat sukkat sukkt'sat
participle sykkaddit sukkðjat sukkt'saddit
supine — sukktat —
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular sykkýt sykkít sykkat sukkýt sukkít sukkat sukkt'sýt sukkt'sít sukkt'sat
plural sykkuðt sykkiðt sykkaðat sukkuðt sukkiðt sukkaðat sukkt'suðt sukkt'siðt sukkt'saðat
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular sykkýska sykkíska sykkska sukkýska sukkíska sukkska sukkt'sýska sukkt'síska sukkt'sska
plural sykkutska sykkitska sykkatska sukkutska sukkitska sukkatska sukkt'sutska sukkt'sitska sukkt'satska

1: past imperative is rare

Class 4
Class 5
Conjugation of gata — positive (strong class 5)
present past future
infinitive gata gáta gátt'sa
participle gataddi gáttjj gátt'saddi
supine — gátt —
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular gatý gatí gat gátý gátí gát gátt'sý gátt'sí gátt's
plural gatuð gatið gatað gátuð gátið gátað gátt'suð gátt'sið gátt'sað
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular gatýsk gatísk gatsk gátýsk gátísk gátsk gátt'sýsk gátt'sísk gátt'ssk
plural gatutsk gatitsk gatatsk gátutsk gátitsk gátatsk gátt'sutsk gátt'sitsk gátt'satsk

1: past imperative is rare

Conjugation of gata — negative (strong class 5)
present past future
infinitive gatat gátat gátt'sat
participle gataddit gáttjjat gátt'saddit
supine — gáttat —
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular gatýt gatít gatat gátýt gátít gátat gátt'sýt gátt'sít gátt'sat
plural gatuðt gatiðt gataðat gátuðt gátiðt gátaðat gátt'suðt gátt'siðt gátt'saðat
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular gatýska gatíska gatska gátýska gátíska gátska gátt'sýska gátt'síska gátt'sska
plural gatutska gatitska gatatska gátutska gátitska gátatska gátt'sutska gátt'sitska gátt'satska

1: past imperative is rare

Class 6
Class 7
Conjugation of gagga — positive (strong class 7)
present past future
infinitive gagga gegga geggt'sa
participle gaggaddi geggðj geggt'saddi
supine — geggt —
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular gaggý gaggí gagg geggý geggí gegg geggt'sý geggt'sí geggt's
plural gagguð gaggið gaggað gegguð geggið geggað geggt'suð geggt'sið geggt'sað
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular gaggýsk gaggísk gaggsk geggýsk geggísk geggsk geggt'sýsk geggt'sísk geggt'ssk
plural gaggutsk gaggitsk gaggatsk geggutsk geggitsk geggatsk geggt'sutsk geggt'sitsk geggt'satsk

1: past imperative is rare

Conjugation of gagga — negative (strong class 7)
present past future
infinitive gaggat geggat geggt'sat
participle gaggaddit geggðjat geggt'saddit
supine — geggtat —
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular gaggýt gaggít gaggat geggýt geggít geggat geggt'sýt geggt'sít geggt'sat
plural gagguðt gaggiðt gaggaðat gegguðt geggiðt geggaðat geggt'suðt geggt'siðt geggt'saðat
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular gaggýska gaggíska gaggska geggýska geggíska geggska geggt'sýska geggt'síska geggt'sska
plural gaggutska gaggitska gaggatska geggutska geggitska geggatska geggt'sutska geggt'sitska geggt'satska

1: past imperative is rare

the -gg- of gagga acts as a good example for the -gg- > -j- change exhibited by many younger speakers in common verbs.

Weak verbs

weak verbs have largely been leveled to one or two patterns, now called weak and j-weak. This first verb, bǿgja, is a j-weak.

Conjugation of bǿgja — positive (j-weak)
present past future
infinitive bǿ(g)ja {{{2}}}a bǿgt'sa
participle bǿ(g)jaddi {{{2}}}j bǿgt'saddi
supine — bǿgt —
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular bǿ(g)jý bǿgí bǿg {{{2}}}ý {{{2}}}í {{{2}}} bǿgt'sý bǿgt'sí bǿgt's
plural bǿ(g)juð bǿgið bǿgað {{{2}}}uð {{{2}}}ið {{{2}}}að bǿgt'suð bǿgt'sið bǿgt'sað
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular bǿ(g)jýsk bǿgísk bǿgsk {{{2}}}ýsk {{{2}}}ísk {{{2}}}sk bǿgt'sýsk bǿgt'sísk bǿgt'ssk
plural bǿ(g)jutsk bǿgitsk bǿgatsk {{{2}}}utsk {{{2}}}itsk {{{2}}}atsk bǿgt'sutsk bǿgt'sitsk bǿgt'satsk

1: past imperative is rare

Conjugation of bǿgja — negative (j-weak)
present past future
infinitive bǿ(g)jat {{{2}}}at bǿgt'sat
participle bǿ(g)jaddit {{{2}}}jat bǿgt'saddit
supine — bǿgtat —
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular bǿ(g)jýt bǿgít bǿgat {{{2}}}ýt {{{2}}}ít {{{2}}}at bǿgt'sýt bǿgt'sít bǿgt'sat
plural bǿ(g)juðt bǿgiðt bǿgaðat {{{2}}}uðt {{{2}}}iðt {{{2}}}aðat bǿgt'suðt bǿgt'siðt bǿgt'saðat
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular bǿ(g)jýska bǿgíska bǿgska {{{2}}}ýska {{{2}}}íska {{{2}}}ska bǿgt'sýska bǿgt'síska bǿgt'sska
plural bǿ(g)jutska bǿgitska bǿgatska {{{2}}}utska {{{2}}}itska {{{2}}}atska bǿgt'sutska bǿgt'sitska bǿgt'satska

1: past imperative is rare


This next verb, hava, is a plain weak.

Conjugation of hava — positive (weak)
present past future
infinitive hava {{{2}}}a havt'sa
participle havaddi {{{2}}}j havt'saddi
supine — havt —
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular havý haví hav {{{2}}}ý {{{2}}}í {{{2}}} havt'sý havt'sí havt's
plural havuð havið havað {{{2}}}uð {{{2}}}ið {{{2}}}að havt'suð havt'sið havt'sað
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular havýsk havísk havsk {{{2}}}ýsk {{{2}}}ísk {{{2}}}sk havt'sýsk havt'sísk havt'ssk
plural havutsk havitsk havatsk {{{2}}}utsk {{{2}}}itsk {{{2}}}atsk havt'sutsk havt'sitsk havt'satsk

1: past imperative is rare

Conjugation of hava — negative (weak)
present past future
infinitive havat {{{2}}}at havt'sat
participle havaddit {{{2}}}jat havt'saddit
supine — havtat —
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular havýt havít havat {{{2}}}ýt {{{2}}}ít {{{2}}}at havt'sýt havt'sít havt'sat
plural havuðt haviðt havaðat {{{2}}}uðt {{{2}}}iðt {{{2}}}aðat havt'suðt havt'siðt havt'saðat
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular havýska havíska havska {{{2}}}ýska {{{2}}}íska {{{2}}}ska havt'sýska havt'síska havt'sska
plural havutska havitska havatska {{{2}}}utska {{{2}}}itska {{{2}}}atska havt'sutska havt'sitska havt'satska

1: past imperative is rare

hava rarely appears in its full form anymore, instead more often appearing as 'va

Conjugation of 'va — positive (weak)
present past future
infinitive 'va {{{2}}}a 'vt'sa
participle 'vaddi {{{2}}}j 'vt'saddi
supine — 'vt —
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular 'vý 'ví 'v {{{2}}}ý {{{2}}}í {{{2}}} 'vt'sý 'vt'sí 'vt's
plural 'vuð 'við 'vað {{{2}}}uð {{{2}}}ið {{{2}}}að 'vt'suð 'vt'sið 'vt'sað
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular 'výsk 'vísk 'vsk {{{2}}}ýsk {{{2}}}ísk {{{2}}}sk 'vt'sýsk 'vt'sísk 'vt'ssk
plural 'vutsk 'vitsk 'vatsk {{{2}}}utsk {{{2}}}itsk {{{2}}}atsk 'vt'sutsk 'vt'sitsk 'vt'satsk

1: past imperative is rare

Conjugation of 'va — negative (weak)
present past future
infinitive 'vat {{{2}}}at 'vt'sat
participle 'vaddit {{{2}}}jat 'vt'saddit
supine — 'vtat —
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular 'výt 'vít 'vat {{{2}}}ýt {{{2}}}ít {{{2}}}at 'vt'sýt 'vt'sít 'vt'sat
plural 'vuðt 'viðt 'vaðat {{{2}}}uðt {{{2}}}iðt {{{2}}}aðat 'vt'suðt 'vt'siðt 'vt'saðat
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular 'výska 'víska 'vska {{{2}}}ýska {{{2}}}íska {{{2}}}ska 'vt'sýska 'vt'síska 'vt'sska
plural 'vutska 'vitska 'vatska {{{2}}}utska {{{2}}}itska {{{2}}}atska 'vt'sutska 'vt'sitska 'vt'satska

1: past imperative is rare


Suppletive verbs

Jugsnorsk has a few suppletive verbs in which some forms were replaced by another verb's forms.

This first verb is the main copula. Though the tables presented here are fully regular as a strong 5 verb, forms exist which aren't, the Contionary page should be seen for these.

Conjugation of vaja — positive (strong class 5)
present past future
infinitive vaja vája vét'sa
participle vajaddi véðj vét'saddi
supine — vét —
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular vajý vají vé vájý vájí vé vét'sý vét'sí vét's
plural vajuð vajið vajað vájuð vájið vájað vét'suð vét'sið vét'sað
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular vajýsk vajísk vésk vájýsk vájísk vésk vét'sýsk vét'sísk vét'ssk
plural vajutsk vajitsk vajatsk vájutsk vájitsk vájatsk vét'sutsk vét'sitsk vét'satsk

1: past imperative is rare

Conjugation of vaja — negative (strong class 5)
present past future
infinitive vajat vájat vét'sat
participle vajaddit véðjat vét'saddit
supine — vétat —
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular vajýt vajít vajat vájýt vájít vájat vét'sýt vét'sít vét'sat
plural vajuðt vajiðt vajaðat vájuðt vájiðt vájaðat vét'suðt vét'siðt vét'saðat
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular vajýska vajíska véska vájýska vájíska véska vét'sýska vét'síska vét'sska
plural vajutska vajitska vajatska vájutska vájitska vájatska vét'sutska vét'sitska vét'satska

1: past imperative is rare


Syntax

Jugsnorsk has relatively free word order, outside of requiring V2, allowing nouns to appear anywhere in the sentence as long as they're marked correctly.

These following examples will serve to illustrate sentence construction in Jugsnorsk. (subject in yellow, verb in blue, object in red).

mānpǿdī vé 1.500 —The population was 1,500

In this example, the word order matches English relatively well, and we see "wą" ("was") in the second position.

In this next example, we see it break away from English order, with the verb still occupying V2 position.

árit 2000 vé mānpǿdī 1.500—In 2000, the population was 1,500 (lit. The year 2000 was the population 1,500)

The prepositional phrase "árit 2000" (in green) counts as a single unit, thus the verb must come after 2000 rather than árit.

Unlike Icelandic, V2 order has no exceptions, as SV inversion isn't used for yes/no questions. In the following example, you'll see the different methods for question marking:

Ari havi sútī — Ari is hungry (lit. Ari has hungry)

and as a question:

Ari havi sútī? — Is Ari hungry? (lit. Ari has hungry?)

Here you see the most common form of question, one without grammatical change, these use a rising vocal intonation as their marking (or a question mark in writing).

Another method is SO inversion, as in:

sútī havi Ari? — Is Ari hungry? (lit. Hungry has Ari?)

Something important you'll notice here is the use of "to have" where "to be" is used in other Germanic languages, this is a feature of Húsnorsk where permanent attributes use "to be" while temporary states use "to have", thus:

Ari vaji sélā — Ari is happy (Ari is always happy)
Ari havi sélā — Ari is happy (Ari is happy right now)

While "hava" can generally only take a noun, when used this way, "hava" takes an adjective just like "vaja". When both an adjective and a noun can be taken, there is a semantic difference between the two, so saying Ari havi sélā is "Ari is happy", but saying Ari havi sǿð means she is possessing happiness, "having happiness" is roughly equivalent to saying "withholding/denying happiness".

This hava vs vaja copula system is, in a way, similar to Spanish's two copulas.

Texts

Drømde mik en drøm i nat

 
The handwritten Latin Jugsnorsk text. The second displays extensive shortenings.
 
The Jugsnorsk text in runic miniscule.

Original (OEN):

Drømde mik en drøm i nat um : silki ok ærlik pæl

Jugsnorsk:

ęk drǿmðu mik a drǿms í nát ū : sýkis ok fýds
[ˌɛk ˈdrøːː.ðʊ ˌmik ɐ ˈdrøːːs i ˈnɐu̯t uː : ˈsʏy̯.kɪs ɔ ˈfʏy̯tʰ]
  1. "a" is a filler syllable to make it flow better, it has no semantic meaning.

English:

I dreamt a dream last night of : silk and fine fur.
literal: I dreamt me a dream last night about : silk and fine fur

UDHR Article 1

Original (English):

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Jugsnorsk:

ódmaðj er prǿsporīn ok ęun onnū virðiggi¹ ok rétti. meðj eru haft irki ok suvesti, ok meðj skulu gørt anna bróðurléki.
[ˈo̞u̯d.ˌmaðj ˈer ˈprø̞y̯.ˌpʰo.riːn ɔ ɛu̯n ˌon.nuː ˈʋir.ðɪɡ.ɡɪ¹ ɔ ˈre̞i̯t.tɪ ˈmeðj ˈe.rʊ xɐtʰ ˈir.kɪ ɔ ˈsu.ʋɛs.tɪ ɔ ˈmeðj kʰʊ.lɐ ˈɡørt ˈan.nɐ ˈbro̞u̯.ðʊr.ˌle̞i̯.kɪ]
  1. "virðiggi" also appears as "yrðiggi" [ˈyr.ðɪɡ.ɡɪ]

Literal translation:

Every human is free-born and the same to others, to value, and to rights. Humans will always have reason and conscience, and humans should (or "must") treat others to brotherhood.

Lexical comparison

  1. Not cognate
    "spá" from Old Norse "spá", meaning "to foretell".
  2. "feskj" from hypothetical **feskʀ, a form with introduced a-umlaut.
  3. "skīð" from hypothetical **skinþ, a continuation of -nþ- from Proto-Germanic
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